交际意图与会话含义：《红楼梦》宝黛对话之语用分析

论文摘要

纵观目前国内外语界对红楼梦的研究,可以分为三个领域——翻译、文化或跨文化研究、语用学。其中翻译研究占很大比例,语用学占较小比例。本论文试图探究《红楼梦》对话,对宝黛对话进行语用分析,属微观层面研究。本论文采用斯珀伯与威尔逊提出的明示—推理模式原理。在传达说话者意图的过程中,如何强调语境的作用都不过分。因此,本文旨在运用明示—推理模式原理和语境的分类对《红楼梦》宝黛对话进行研究,探究其交际意图和会话含义。同时,作者还试图证实在理解会话的过程中,语境不仅十分关键,而且语境确实在对话之前、对话进行过程中、对话之后都存在。交际传统上被认为是编码思想和解码思想。格莱斯认为言语交际本质上是听话人对说话人意图的识别。斯珀伯与威尔逊倾向于推理交际,他们认为交际的成功不在听话人辨认出话语的语言意义之时,而在他们从话语中推断出说话人意义之时。事实上,“明示”和“推理”是同一交际过程的两个方面。“明示”是对说话人而言的,说话人通过某种方式是其信息意图显映;“推理”是对听话人而言的,听话人对说话人意图中显映的证据进行推理。因此,完整的交际过程应该是这两个方面的综合,即“明示”加“推理”的过程。本质上说,交际大多是有意图的,因此很有必要探究并理解说话人真正的但有时隐藏着的意图。斯珀伯与威尔逊提出意图可以分为两类:信息意图和交际意图。信息意图使一系列假设对听者显明,交际意图则是发话人与受话人互明发话人的某种信息意图。交际意图才是其真正的意图,即实现某人的信息意图的意图。说话人的意图一旦实现互明,交际便成功。每次话语都可看成是在交流各种命题,有些是显性表达,有些是隐性表达。任何没有显性表达的假设都属于隐性表达,也就是暗含。相对“暗含”,我们称显性表达的假设为“明说”。会话含义是暗含在对话中的含义,即实际语言应用中未被明说的意义。总之,本文以斯珀伯与威尔逊提出的明示—推理模式和对暗含的分类理论为理论框架,借助语境,对《红楼梦》这一中国文学名著中两个主要人物—贾宝玉和林黛玉—之间对话进行了讨论,探讨了二人对话的丰富性,丰富的对话背后隐藏的交际意图及其丰富的暗含。

论文目录

• 摘要
• Abstract
• Chapter 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Previous studies of Hongloumeng
• 1.2 Theoretical backgrounds
• 1.2.1 Communication
• 1.2.1.1 Communication and context
• 1 .2.1.2 Ostensive—inferential communication
• 1.2.2 Informative intention vs. communicative intention
• 1.2.2.1 The informative intention
• 1.2.2.2 The communicative intention
• 1.2.3 Sperber and Wilson's categorization of implicature
• 1.3 Methodology
• 1.3.1 The purpose and significance of this study
• 1.3.2 Choice for the edition
• 1.4 Organization of the study
• Chapter 2 Communicative Intention in Conversations between Baoyu and Daiyu
• 2.1 Functions of fictional conversation
• 2.1.1 Revealing characters
• 2.1.2 Promoting the development of the plot
• 2.1.3 Depicting the objective environment
• 2.1.4 Indicating characters' status and relationships
• 2.2 Pragmatic analysis of conversations in terms of contextual factors
• 2.2.1 Physical context
• 2.2.2 Discourse as context
• 2.2.3 Background knowledge as context
• 2.2.4 Mutual knowledge
• 2.2.5 Exterior context
• 2.3 Informative intention in conversations between Baoyu and Daiyu
• 2.4 Communicative intention in conversations between Baoyu and Daiyu
• Chapter 3 Conversational Implicature in Conversations between Baoyu and Daiyu
• 3.1 Implicatures and styles
• 3.1.1 Implicatures and speaking styles of Baoyu
• 3.1.2 Implicatures and speaking styles of Daiyu
• 3.1.3 Sytles in conversations between Baoyu and Daiyu
• 3.2 Explicature in conversations between Baoyu and Daiyu
• 3.3 Conversational implicature in conversations between Baoyu and Daiyu
• 3.4 Integrated study: communicative intention and conversational implicature in the conversations
• Chapter 4 Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Acknowledgements
• Publications While Registered with the MA Program