成功还是失败 ——试论美国福利制度改革中的工作激励因素

论文摘要

美国1996年“个人责任与就业机会折衷法案”(PRWORA)结束了六十年来的“未成年孩子家庭援助”项目(AFDC),取而代之,政府建立“贫困家庭临时援助”项目(TANF),其对工作的激励将福利制度转变为工作福利。自此,美国福利制度改革的作用影响一直是个热点论题。本文在回顾美国福利制度改革的发展之后,分析了以工作激励为中心的福利制度改革一些令人困惑的结果和一些改革政策,从而探究以工作激励为中心的福利制度改革的失败。本文还从三个方面分析了失败的诱因和根源:权力下移的局限性,文化范式的矛盾性和福利制度的政治性。通过以上分析不难看出工作激励因素还没有帮助美国的福利制度该给取得成功。

论文目录

• Acknowledgements （in English）
• Acknowledgements （in Chinese）
• Abstract （in English）
• Abstract （in Chinese）
• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Chapter 1 Context for Understanding the U.S. Welfare Reform in 1996
• 1.1 The inception of welfare program in the U.S. from 1930s to 1960s
• 1.2 Precursors to the 1996 welfare reform of the U.S. from 1960s to 1990s
• 1.3 State Experimentation in the 1990s
• 1.4 The Latest round of welfare reform in 1996
• Chapter 2 Effects of Work Incentives on the U.S. Welfare Reform in 1996
• 2.1 Results assessment
• 2.1.1 Caseload
• 2.1.2 Employment rates
• 2.1.3 Poverty and deep poverty
• 2.1.4 No work, no welfare
• 2.1.5 Family eligibility
• 2.2 Policy evaluation
• 2.2.1 The block grant
• 2.2.2 Elimination of low-income programs
• 2.2.2.1 Cuts in Food Stamps
• 2.2.2.2 Cuts in Legal Immigrants' Benefit Eligibility
• 2.2.3 Reauthorization
• Chapter 3 Causes and Roots of the Failure of the U. S. Welfare Reform in 1996
• 3.1 Ironies of devolution
• 3.1.1 Race to the bottom
• 3.1.2 Federal framework
• 3.2 Cultural conflicts of welfare reform
• 3.2.1 Biases caused by work ethic
• 3.2.2 Unfairness caused by family value
• 3.3 Politics of welfare reform
• 3.3.1 Conflicts between the Welfare Reform Plans of the two parties
• 3.3.2 Pressure from the Republicans and the States
• 3.3.3 Passage of the PRWORA
• Conclusion
• Notes
• Bibliography