分裂的自我与存在的困境：多丽丝·莱辛之《野草在歌唱》的莱恩式解读

论文摘要

多丽丝·莱辛是当代世界上最重要的作家之一,以多产、风格独特多变和极富探索精神享誉文坛。莱辛于2007年荣获诺贝尔文学奖,是108年来诺贝尔文学奖获奖得主中第11位女性作家,也是年事最高的获奖者。评论家们总认为很难将莱辛归类,因为她总在他们试图为她贴上某种标签时迅速转身,以新的见解去应对变化的世界。莱辛的作品形式多样、题材广泛,在其漫长的写作生涯中大胆涉足了许多20世纪最重要的意识潮流和社会问题。然而,作为一位极具社会情怀的作家,莱辛始终对人类的生存问题赋予极大关注。莱辛在作品中不断探讨现代人在现代社会中面临的深刻的精神危机。她认为人类应该勇于直面生活,在日趋分裂的社会生活中努力寻找整一性,减少“既定规则”对自身的伤害。而异化和疯狂,作为这种努力趋于失败的悲惨后果,则反复出现在其作品之中。出版于1950年的处女作《野草在歌唱》是莱辛一部极具代表性的作品。小说描写了南非一个破败农场里女主人玛丽·特纳被黑人男仆摩西杀害的悲惨故事。评论家们普遍认为该小说第一次向西方读者毫不掩饰地展现种族隔离制度下南部非洲的社会现状,控诉了伪善的殖民统治。然而,莱辛本人却并不赞同此类评论。出于对莱辛作品的钟爱,本人尝试采用当代英国著名的人本主义生存论心理学家及精神病学家R.D.莱恩关于“精神分裂症”状态的生成、发展的论述来解读莱辛的处女作《野草在歌唱》。虽然小说的出版整整早了莱恩的生存论心理学经典作品《分裂的自我—对健全与疯狂的生存论研究》10年,但是,莱辛对玛丽具有典型意义的悲剧命运的描述和深层次原因的探讨与莱恩关于精神分裂症状态生成的论述有一定的契合。莱辛对玛丽不同人生阶段的心理状态的描写与莱恩关于“存在性不安”,即“吞没焦虑”、“爆聚焦虑”和“僵化焦虑”以及“真/假自我系统的分裂”的分析论述在很大程度上也是相吻合的。而玛丽在陷入精神分裂后的心理世界和莱恩对于精神分裂性个体为了获得更大的“存在性安全感”而采取的“逃避”策略则极为相似。本文采用莱恩关于“精神分裂症”研究的理论,通过分析女主人公玛丽的成长经历中的不同阶段来解读其心路历程,剖析导致其悲惨结局的深层次原因,以找到莱辛和莱恩思想的契合点,力图证明莱辛的创作从一开始就对人类的生存和命运及其心理健康赋予了深刻的人道主义关怀。

论文目录

• Acknowledgments
• Abstract in English
• Abstract in Chinese
• Chapter One Introduction
• 1.1 A Brief Account of Doris Lessing and her Major Works
• 1.1.1 A Brief Introduction to Doris Lessing
• 1.1.2 Doris Lessing's Major Works
• 1.1.3 Doris Lessing's Critical Reception
• 1.2 A Brief Account of R.D. Laing
• 1.2.1 R.D. Laing and his Theory
• 1.2.2 R.D. Laing's Critical Reception
• 1.3 The Purpose of the Thesis
• Chapter Two Literature Review
• 2.1 International Studies on The Grass Is Singing
• 2.1.1 International Studies on the Themes and Characters
• 2.1.2 International Studies on the Aesthetics and Narrative Techniques of The Grass Is Singing
• 2.1.3 International Studies on the Theoretical Approaches of Interpreting The Grass Is Singing
• 2.1.4 Critical Comments
• 2.2 Domestic Studies on The Grass Is Singing
• 2.2.1 Domestic Studies on The Grass Is Singing from Different Perspectives
• 2.2.2 Domestic Studies on The Grass Is Singing from the Psychological Perspective
• 2.2.3 Critical Comments
• Chapter Three Theoretical Framework
• 3.1 R.D. Laing's Ideological Origins
• 3.1.1 Laing and Sigmund Freud
• 3.1.2 Laing and Existentialism
• 3.2 A General Survey of Laing's Theory on Schizophrenia
• 3.3 Major Inducements of Schizophrenia in Laing's Theory
• 3.3.1 External Factor: Society and Family
• 3.3.2 Internal Factors: "Ontological Insecurity"
• 3.3.3 Internal Factors: Split Self
• Chapter Four Laing's Theory on Schizophrenia Embodied in The Grass Is Singing
• 4.1 Doris Lessing's The Grass Is Singing and R.D. Laing's Theory
• 4.1.1 Doris Lessing and R.D. Laing
• 4.1.2 A Brief Introduction to The Grass Is Singing
• 4.1.2.1 Critical Reception
• 4.1.2.2 The Title, the Tone, the Characters and the Plot
• 4.1.2.3 Lessing's Response to the Reviews of The Grass Is Singing
• 4.2 Mary's Tragedy in The Grass Is Singing and R.D. Laing's Theory
• 4.2.1 Correspondences between the Inducements of Mary's Tragedy and Laing's theory
• 4.2.1.1 External Factors of Mary's Tragedy: the Milieu
• 4.2.1.2 External Factors of Mary's Tragedy: her Family
• 4.2.2 Resonances between the Internal Factors of Mary's Mental Breakdown and Laing's Theory on Schizophrenia
• 4.2.2.1 Mary's Childhood, Adulthood, and her "Ontological Insecurity"
• 4.2.2.2 Mary's Marriage and Split Self
• 4.2.2.3 Mary's Antipathy towards the Native and Psychic Split
• 4.2.2.4 Mary's Distorted Dreams and her Mental Breakdown
• Chapter Five Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Appendix Ⅰ Papers and Books Published during My Postgraduate Program
• Appendix Ⅱ Certificate of Honor