翻译作为一种社会文化现象：试论权力与意识形态的操控

论文摘要

翻译一向被理解成为语际的意义转换。传统译论均以此为逻辑前提阐发翻译并对其进行规约，提出了颇具理想色彩的“对等”、“复制”、“忠实”、“准确”、“透明”等标准概念。然而，所谓的“永恒”意义的“纯粹”复制在现实翻译中根本不可能实现，因为翻译过程必然拆裂原语的结构并将原语文本所蕴涵的意义在新的文化、认知语境中实现重构和移植。因此，在经过复杂而主观的翻译过程以后，原语文本的意义究竟是否“完璧无瑕”抑或成了“明日黄花”很值得思索。由此观之，翻译远非“语际意义转换”所能简单涵盖。后结构主义哲学为翻译研究开辟了全新的视野。解构主义对传统的“逻格斯中心主义”发起挑战，提出“中心消解”说，从而解构了包括“意义”在内的经典概念。解构主义认为意义并非单一、静止的存在，而是开放、不断演进的运动。德里达指出，意义产生于“能指”之间“异延”的自由“嬉戏”。换言之，开放文本之间的“互文性”(巴赫金称之为“对话性”)决定了开放而具有多样性的意义。解构主义哲学极大地解除了翻译研究的束缚。至此，翻译开始真正被视为一种现象置于社会文化语境之下进行描述性研究，其功能地位也由原来的“语际意义转换”行为演进成为一股“意义构建”与“文化构建”的力量。上世纪九十年代以来，翻译研究出现了“文化转向”。研究视野从翻译的文本意义纷纷转向翻译所蕴含的文本外意义，即翻译的社会文化意义。仅以安德烈·勒弗维尔为例。他提出了翻译的“重写”论，认为翻译受到了来自意识形态、诗学形态和赞助关系的操控。翻译研究被赋予了多学科的理论视角。基于上述充分的理论阐释，作者提出了将翻译作为一种社会文化现象加以研究的设想，认为翻译不可避免、不同程度地受到了来自权力与意识形态的干预及操控。为论证该假设，作者首先回顾了关于权力的理论论述，进而深入分析了翻译中包含的主要权力关系。随之，作者考察了关于意识形态的理论论述并探讨了权力、意识形态与翻译三者的互动关系。最后，作者采用案例研究(历时研究与文本分析)的方法进一步论证了该设想的合理性。

论文目录

• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• Abstract
• 中文摘要
• Chapter 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Problem and Purpose
• 1.2 Plan and Pattern
• 1.3 Position and Importance
• Chapter 2 Setting the Research Paradigm
• 2.1 Translation Studies:Descriptive Versus Prescriptive
• 2.1.1 Classical Prescriptive Discourse in Translation Theorization
• 2.1.2 Scientific Prescriptive Approach in Translation Theorization
• 2.1.3 Descriptive Translation Studies:Salvation of a Marginalizing Discipline
• 2.2 Translation as a Socio-Cultural Phenomenon
• 2.2.1 Theoretical Support:Post-structural Philosophy
• 2.2.2 The "Cultural Turn" and the "Power Turn" in Translation Studies
• Chapter 3 Translation as Manipulation:the Mechanisms of Power and Ideology
• 3.1 Introducing the Notions of "Rewriting" and "Manipulation"
• 3.2 Translation as Manipulated by Power Relations
• 3.2.1 A Brief Review of Major Theories on Power
• 3.2.2 An Examination of Major Power Relations in Translation
• 3.2.2.1 Unequal Power between Languages
• 3.2.2.2 Unequal Power between Cultures
• 3.2.2.3 The Power of the Original and the Power of Authorship
• 3.2.2.4 The Power of Patronage and the Power of Censorship
• 3.2.2.5 Power Relations between the Translator and the Reading Public
• 3.3 Ideology:Meaning in Service of Power
• 3.3.1 A Brief Review of Major Theories on Ideology
• 3.3.2 Correlation between Ideology and Power
• 3.3.3 Correlation between Ideology and Translation
• 3.3.3.1 The Translation of Ideology
• 3.3.3.2 The Ideology of Translation
• Chapter 4 Translation as Manipulated by Power and Ideology:Case Study
• 4.1 Diachronic Overview
• 4.1.1 Translation Activities from 1840 to 1915
• 4.1.1.1 Power Vicissitudes during This Period
• 4.1.1.2 Ideological Evolution in Reaction to Power Vicissitudes
• 4.1.1.3 Effect on Translation Practice
• 4.1.2 Translation Activities from 1915 to 1937
• 4.1.2.1 Power Vicissitudes during This Period
• 4.1.2.2 Ideological Evolution in Reaction to Power Vicissitudes
• 4.1.2.3 Effect on Translation Practice
• 4.2 Text-based Analysis
• 4.2.1 Translating Texts with Explicit Social Functions:the Foregrounding Tendency of Power and Ideology
• 4.2.2 Translating Texts of High Literariness:the Backgrounding Tendency of Power and Ideology
• Chapter 5 Conclusion
• 5.1 Summary of Contributions and Findings
• 5.2 Limitations of the Present Project
• Bibliography