论文摘要
作为“文学中的文学”,诗歌通常形式简短却寓意深刻,“言在此而意在彼,言有尽而意无穷”。特别是中国的古诗将诗歌的这一特点体现得淋漓尽致。中国古诗凝练、含蓄,尤以匠心独运的意象见长。为了能以寥寥几行传达诗人厚重的情感及诗歌深远的涵义,诗人常常会在诗歌中使用意象。文化意象则是在意象中蕴涵了深厚的民族文化色彩,使读者能够在作品中联系自己的文化背景来解读诗歌,从而更加深切地体会到诗歌所传达的精神与意境。因此,要想在翻译中,最大限度地展示原诗的风采,文化意象的传递是关键,也是难点。随着中国的不断发展,越来越多的外国学者开始对中国文化产生兴趣,致力于中国古典文学翻译研究,尤其是中国的古典诗歌,更是吸引着大量国内外翻译家潜心研究。在这些中外学者中,许渊冲教授翻译了大量的唐诗宋词,提出了自己的翻译原则和方法。由于其深厚的文化背景,广泛的涉及范围,因此对于文化意象的处理,很多学者都有着自己的看法。有的学者认为文化意象应该直译,认为直译能够很好的传播原语文化,使读者能够更好地了解原语文化中文化意象所代表的意义。也有的学者认为文化意象,重在达意,即应该意译。通过对原语文化意象的解释或者替换,原语中的文化意象可以被最大限度的展现出来。更有的学者提出,为了很好的表现文章“意美”,有些不必要的意象可以略去不译。许渊冲作为诗歌翻译的大师,其翻译原则为我们讨论古诗中文化意象的处理问题提供了新的视角和思路。其中,许教授的“三美”原则,即“意美,音美,形美”,和“三化”原则,即“浅化,等化,深化”,是处理古诗英译中文化意象的重要原则。在许渊冲看来,翻译中,最主要的是应该展示原诗的“意美”,而为了展示“意美”,文化意象的处理是关键。至于“音美”与“形美”,二者是达到“意美”的必要条件,对突出诗中的文化意象也起着重要作用。为了处理好原诗的文化意象,翻译者可以通过“三化”原则,即“浅化,等化,深化”。所谓“浅化”,包括一般化,抽象化,减词,合译,化难为易等等。所谓“等化”,包括形似的对等,意似的对等,词性转化,句型转化,正说反说,典故移植等等方法。。所谓“深化”,包括特殊化,具体化,加词,以旧译新等。在本文中,作者主要从许渊冲教授的翻译原则来探讨文化意象的处理问题。笔者认为,许教授的“三美”和“三化”原则,是在当今翻译界各种文化意象的处理方法基础上的一种综合方法,因此可以作为古诗中文化意象处理的一种理论原则。
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