话语理解中词义的语用调整

论文摘要

本文是在关联理论框架内所进行的词汇语用研究，主要研究听话人在话语理解中怎样对词的语言意义进行语用调整，旨在为词汇语用过程提供一个统一而又合理的解释，改进现有的对词汇语用过程所做出的关联理论解释，并考察在理解不同语言的话语中词汇语用过程是否具有普遍性特征。 我们提出了一对与词义紧密联系的重要概念—概念类型和概念实体，为词汇语用研究提供了一个新的动态视角。我们认为，在人们的思维中存在着概念类型和概念实体。概念类型是从具有相似特征的一组实体中抽象出来的，是对事物或者现象本质特征的概括；概念实体是概念类型的实例。概念类型总是以抽象的形式存在，具有稳定的特点；概念实体以具体的形式存在，具有不稳定的特点。概念实体是动态的，其动态性体现在话语理解中的在线建构。在概念实体的在线建构中，我们从长期记忆中提取与该概念实体的概念类型相联系的语境独立信息、被语境激活的语境依赖信息、被交际目标激活的目标相关信息，以及经验相关信息，并把这些信息融入到正在建构的概念实体当中。 我们认为，词汇语用过程有四种可能的结果：零调整、词义收缩、词义扩大和词义收扩。在零调整的情况下，一个词所表达的意义与它的语言意义相同；在词义收缩的情况下，一个词所表达的意义比它的语言意义更加具体；在词义扩大的情况下，一个词所表达的意义比它的语言意义更加宽泛；在词义收扩的情况下，词义既发生收缩又发生扩大。词义收扩可以分为两种不同的情形：词义重叠和词义转移。在词义重叠的情形下，语用推理所获得的概念实体的外延与词汇编码的概念类型的外延形成交叉；在词义转移的情形下，语用推理所获得的概念实体的外延与词汇编码的概念类型的外延之间没有任何交叉的部分。 根据关联理论对词汇语用学的研究路径，我们认为，零调整、词义收缩、词义扩大和词义收扩都是因追寻关联而得到触发，沿着最省力的方向，通过显性内容、语境假设和认知效果之间的相互调整而得以进行，当听话人的关联期待得到满足时随即停止。 我们主要从脱口秀中搜集语料，因为脱口秀为词汇语用研究提供了日常会话中的真实话语。对语料的细致分析表明，零调整、词义收缩、词义扩大和词义收扩能够用来解释英汉两种语言中的词汇语用过程。这意味着对词的语言意义进行语用调整的四

论文目录

• List of Abbreviations
• List of Figures
• Chapter 1 Introduction
• 1.1 The study of word meaning
• 1.2 A general introduction to the present study
• 1.3 Rationale of the study
• 1.4 Objectives of the study
• 1.5 Methodology and data of the study
• 1.6 Outline of the dissertation
• Chapter 2 Pragmatic Studies of Word Meaning
• 2.0 Introduction
• 2.1 Pragmatic studies of word meaning abroad
• 2.1.1 Grice's theory
• 2.1.1.1 Word meaning
• 2.1.1.2 Non-natural meaning
• 2.1.1.3 Conversational implicature
• 2.1.1.4 Inference
• 2.1.1.5 Metaphor
• 2.1.1.6 Drawbacks of Grice's theory
• 2.1.2 Levinson's theory
• 2.1.2.1 Q-, I-, M-principles
• 2.1.2.2 GCI theory
• 2.1.2.3 Drawbacks of Levinson's theory
• 2.1.3 Blutner's study
• 2.1.3.1 Three general problems in lexical semantics
• 2.1.3.2 Lexical pragmatics
• 2.1.3.3 Drawbacks of Blutner's study
• 2.1.4 Wilson's study
• 2.1.4.1 A brief introduction to Wilson's study
• 2.1.4.2 Drawbacks of Wilson's theory
• 2.2 Pragmatic studies of word meaning at home
• 2.2.1 徐盛桓's study
• 2.2.1.1 Linguistic meaning and pragmatic meaning
• 2.2.1.2 The general mechanism of pragmatic meaning of a word
• 2.2.1.3 The characteristic properties of pragmatic meaning of a word
• 2.2.1.4 The types of pragmatic meaning of a word
• 2.2.1.5 The identifying of pragmatic meaning of a word
• 2.2.1.6 Drawbacks of 徐盛桓's study
• 2.2.2 葛本仪' study
• 2.2.2.1 Dynamic meaning
• 2.2.2.2 Pragmatic meaning
• 2.2.2.3 Drawbacks of 葛本仪's study
• 2.2.3 The latest studies
• 2.3 Summary
• Chapter 3 Relevance Theory
• 3.0 Introduction
• 3.1 Relevance and cognition
• 3.2 Relevance and communication
• 3.2.1 Cognitive environment and mutual manifestness
• 3.2.1.1 Cognitive environment
• 3.2.1.2 Mutual manifestness
• 3.2.2 The Communicative Principle of Relevance
• 3.3 Relevance and inference
• 3.3.1 Non-demonstrative inference
• 3.3.2 The role of deduction in non-demonstrative inference
• 3.4 Explicature and implicature
• 3.4.1 The identification of explicature
• 3.4.2 The identification of implicature
• 3.5 Summary
• Chapter 4 Concept and Word Meaning
• 4.0 Introduction
• 4.1 Concept
• 4.1.1 Saussure's view of concept
• 4.1.2 Fodor's view of concept
• 4.1.3 My view of concept
• 4.1.3.1 Concept type
• 4.1.3.2 Concept token
• 4.2 Word meaning
• 4.2.1 Referential approach
• 4.2.2 Representational approach
• 4.2.3 My view of word meaning
• 4.2.3.1 The linguistic meaning of a word
• 4.2.3.2 The pragmatic meaning of a word
• 4.3 Summary
• Chapter 5 The Construction of Concept Tokens
• 5.0 Introduction
• 5.1 The properties of knowledge in long-term memory
• 5.2 The construction of concept tokens
• 5.3 Summary
• Chapter 6 Pragmatic Adjustment of Word Meaning
• 6.0 Introduction
• 6.1 Zero adjustment
• 6.2 Contracting
• 6.2.1 Deictic expressions
• 6.2.1.1 Person deictic expressions
• 6.2.1.2 Place deictic expressions
• 6.2.1.3 Time deictic expressions
• 6.2.1.4 Discourse deictic expressions
• 6.2.1.5 Social deictic expressions
• 6.2.2 Scalar adjectives
• 6.2.3 Other words
• 6.3 Expanding
• 6.4 Conpanding
• 6.4.1 Overlapping
• 6.4.2 Shifting
• 6.5 The relevance-theoretic interpretation of pragmatic adjustment
• 6.6 Summary
• Chapter 7 Conclusion
• 7.1 Summary
• 7.2 Major findings
• 7.3 Theoretical and practical implications
• 7.4 Limitations of this study
• 7.5 Suggestions for further research
• Bibliography