左右摇摆的语言政策 ——美国20世纪语言政策探析

论文摘要

美国从建国时开始,就一直存在着语言的多样性。并且这已成为近数十年来一个非常有争议的问题。随着惟英语与双语教育的不断争议,语言政策便成为政治辩论的热门话题,并集中地体现在美国二十世纪的摇摆政策。美国语言政策在20世纪经历了两次变化。20世纪60年代,随着1968年双语教育法的颁布,双语教育代替了曾在20世纪初受到支持的惟英语。更令人吃惊的是,美国惟英语运动又兴起于20世纪80年代。一般而言,语言政策是相对稳定、保守的,它的演变、发展是缓慢的。而美国二十世纪的语言政策却像一个大摆钟,在惟英语和双语教育之间左右摇摆。并且其变化的时间也并不长,没有超过30年的时间。这的确令人匪夷所思。因此,本文从美国20世纪语言政策摇摆的特征入手,结合当时美国国内外复杂的形势,揭露了美国语言政策不断打击、同化其他语言,最终达到维护英语地位的真实本质。这项研究不但能帮助我们了解语言与权力、文化和身份的密切关系,而且还能了解隐藏在美国语言政策背后的社会因素。

论文目录

• 摘要
• Abstract
• Chapter 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Reaserch Background
• 1.2 The Aim of the Thesis
• 1.3 The Significance of the Thesis
• 1.4 The Layout of the Thesis and Research methods
• Chapter 2 Theoretical Founation and Literature Review
• 2.1 Theoretical Foundation and Some Basic Concepts
• 2.1.1 Language Policy
• 2.1.2 Language and Identity
• 2.1.3 “English Only”
• 2.1.4 Bilingual Education
• 2.2 Previous Studies
• 2.2.1 Previous Study Abroad
• 2.2.2 Previous Study at Home
• 2.2.3 A Comment
• Chapter 3 American Language Policy in the Twentieth Century
• 3.1 A Historical View on U.S. Language Policy
• 3.2 American Language Policy in the Twentieth Century
• 3.2.1 The First Turning Point in 1960S
• 3.2.1.1 Strengthening English Only in the Early 20th Century
• 3.2.1.2 The Struggle of Hispanic Americans
• 3.2.1.3 The Bilingual Education Act
• A. The Prelude of The Bilingual Education Act
• B. The Bilingual Education Act
• 3.2.2 The Second Turning Point in 1980S
• 3.2.2.1 The Development of Bilingual Education in 1970S
• 3.2.2.2 The “English Only”Movement
• A. The Overture of “English Only”Movement
• B. “English Only”Movement
• 3.2.3 Summary
• Chapter 4 The Analysis of American Language Policy in the 20th Century
• 4.1 The Background of American Language Policy in the 20th century
• 4.1.1 The Background of the First Turning
• 4.1.1.1 International Situation
• 4.1.1.2 National Situation
• A. The Civil Rights Movement
• B. The Increase of Immigrants
• C. The Development of Economy
• 4.1.2 The Background of the Second Turing
• 4.1.2.1 International Situation
• 4.1.2.2 National Situation
• A. The Increase of the National Sense
• B. The Attitude of Ronald Reagan
• C. ANation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform
• 4.2 The Nature of American Language Policy in the Twentieth Century
• 4.2.1 Rethinking about Bilingual Education Act of 1968
• 4.2.2 Review on “English Only”
• 4.2.3 Summary
• 4.3 Factors in U.S Language Policy-making in the Twentieth Century
• 4.3.1 The policital structure
• 4.3.2 The State Government
• 4.3.3 The Ideology of Americans
• 4.3.3.1 Linguistic Assimilation and Nationalism
• 4.3.3.2 Monolingual English Ideology and Language-as-problem Orientation
• 4.3.3.3 Standard English Ideology
• Chapter 5 Implication
• 5.1 Struggle and Conflict Existing in Language Contact
• 5.2 The Close Relation between Language and Culture
• 5.3 The Close Relation between Language and Power
• Chapter 6 Conclusion
• 6.1 The Major Findings
• 6.2 The Limitations and Future Suggestion
• References
• AppendixA
• AppendixB
• Acknowledgements