从功能对等理论看《围城》中的讽喻翻译

论文摘要

本文从功能对等理论的角度,探讨小说《围城》中讽喻的翻译问题。尤金·奈达提出的功能对等理论认为:翻译的完全对等不存在,是否对等应该按照接受者对译文信息所作出的反应与源语读者对源语信息所作出反应程度来界定。如果接受语读者和源语读者的文化背景差异较大,两种反应永远不会完全相同。但是,这两种反应应该在很大程度上对应,否则译文就违背了初衷。因此,译文的接受者对译文信息的反应应该与源语言接受者对原文的反应基本相同。自亚里士多德以来,隐喻便活跃在各种学者的研究文献中。传统修辞学把隐喻仅仅看作是一种语言的修辞活动,对隐喻的认识局限在辞格层次。现代隐喻理论明确把隐喻提升到认知高度,将其分为显性隐喻(即明喻)与隐性隐喻。作为一种认知现象,隐喻更加形象、生动、深刻地帮助我们通过其他事物来认识某些事物特征。比喻与讽刺的并用,即讽喻,作为一种常见的表现形式,不直接讽刺要讽刺的对象,而是转一个弯,通过将此事物与相近的另一事物形成比喻,间接传达力度、达到讽刺的目的,更具有含蓄、幽默、机敏之感。钱钟书先生的《围城》是一部杰出的讽刺文学著作,小说运用了大量的比喻(显性隐喻与隐性隐喻)手法来取得幽默、睿智的艺术效果。本文主要研究其中比喻与讽刺相结合的讽喻翻译。文章旨在从功能对等的角度为《围城》中讽喻翻译提供一个研究的视角,评析译文中讽喻翻译的质量,分析处理手法,对部分译文提出建设性意见,并通过对讽刺和比喻的结合,引起读者对这两种艺术手法的兴趣及关注。通过研究发现,译者主要采用直译的方式,对源语文化给与保留。由于钱钟书曾受西方文化熏陶,其小说中借用西方人熟知文化进行的讽喻及具有中西文化共性的讽喻可以达到最佳功能对等,而独特的具有强烈中国文化色彩的讽喻则无法达到最佳对等。

论文目录

• Acknowledgements
• Abstract
• 摘要
• Introduction
• Chapter One Satire as a Rhetorical Device
• 1.1 Definition of Satire
• 1.2 Classic Satire in Western Literature
• 1.3 Classic Satire in Chinese Literature
• 1.4 Satire in Fortress Besieged
• Chapter Two Metaphor and Metaphor Translation
• 2.1 Definition of Metaphor and Metaphorical Language
• 2.2 A Review of Metaphor Study
• 2.3 Metaphor Translation
• 2.3.1 Metaphor Translation in the West
• 2.3.2 Metaphor Translation in China
• 2.4 Metaphor in Fortress Besieged
• 2.4.1 Depth in Impression Conveyed by Vehicle
• 2.4.2 Combination with Other Figures of Speech
• 2.4.2.1 Synaesthesia
• 2.4.2.2 Symbolization
• 2.4.2.3 Exaggeration
• 2.4.2.4 Personification
• 2.4.2.5 Allusion and Satire
• 2.4.3 Variety in Exchange of Concrete and Abstract Image
• 2.4.3.1 Concrete Vehicle for Concrete Tenor
• 2.4.3.2 Concrete Vehicle for Abstract Tenor
• 2.4.3.3 Abstract Vehicle for Concrete Tenor
• 2.4.3.4 Abstract Vehicle for Abstract Tenor
• Chapter Three Functional Equivalent Theory
• 3.1 Theories on Equivalence
• 3.2 Nida and his Functional Equivalent Theory
• 3.2.1 Definition of Functional Equivalence
• 3.2.1.1 The Receptor
• 3.2.1.2 The Effect
• 3.2.1.3 The Equivalence
• 3.3 Newmark’s Attitude at Functional Equivalence
• 3.4 The Significance of Functional Equivalence
• Chapter Four A Case Study of Satirical Metaphor Translation in Fortress Besieged
• 4.1 Features of Satirical Metaphor in Fortress Besieged
• 4.1.1 Satirical Metaphor in Caricaturing Society
• 4.1.2 Satirical Metaphor in Dipicting Culture
• 4.1.3 Satirical Metaphor in Picturing Life
• 4.2 Satirical Metaphor Translation in Fortress Besieged
• 4.2.1 Reproducing the Same Vehicle in TL
• 4.2.1.1 Successful Reproduction of Vehicle concerning Western Allusion
• 4.2.1.2 Successful Reproduction of Vehicle for Language Universality
• 4.2.1.3 Improper Reproduction of Vehicle Involving Chinese Culture
• 4.2.1.4 Improper Reproduction of Vehicle Owing to Translators’Misunderstanding
• 4.2.2 Converting the Vehicle in SL to a New One in TL
• 4.2.3 Converting Metaphor to Non- metaphor
• 4.2.4 Adding a New Vehicle to Intensify the Image of Tenor
• 4.2.5 Adding Footnotes to Facilitate Understanding
• 4.3 Summary
• Conclusion
• Bibliography