广义梯级含义理论及其应用

论文摘要

在言语交际过程中，说话人提供的弱信息命题通常被认为是对强信息命题的否定，作为会话含义的一个范畴的梯级含义就此产生。梯级含义在语言学，语用学范畴内已有较为详尽的论述，突出表现在以下两个方面：新格赖斯语用学(Horn 1973，Levinson 1983，2000)和后格赖斯语用学(Sperber & Wilson 1985，1996；Carston 1990，1998，2002)。前者认为梯级含义是一种自动优先生成的常规含义；后者则认为梯级含义属于特殊会话含义，产生于特定的语言环境，并非某些固定不变的词语。 毋庸置疑，以往的梯级含义研究囿于量词等级含义，这其实仅是广义梯级含义的一个特例。因其没有囊括更广泛意义上的梯级含义而不具有普遍性。相反，我们赖以生存的世界是由按照不同梯级排列的多种物质构成的，所以，梯级和梯级含义的研究领域必须拓展。 本文旨在传统量词梯级理论的基础之上构建一个广义梯级含义理论，并从以下语言运用的三个层面探讨其对梯级现象的创新阐释。具体而言，在词汇层面，我们探讨了极性词语引发的梯级含义；在语篇层面，我们以“even”为例，分析了梯级算子的功能；在修辞层面，我们研究了夸张性隐喻传递的梯级含义。为此，本文重点之一是以传统的量词梯级为参照对广义梯级含义理论进行描述。尤其是在介绍概念梯级和梯级模型等概念的基础上，发现了梯级含义推导过程中四种基本的逻辑规则。 本文另一目标是分别从极性词语的分布规律、梯级算子的语篇功能和夸张性隐喻的修辞之力三个方面探讨广义梯级含义理论的具体应用过程。需特别指出的是，从上述三个层面分析梯级含义的重现过程意在从梯级思维的视角对梯级含义有一全面了解。梯级思维是根据事物之间的等级关系从一个事物的情况推知另一个事物的情况的一种思维方式。在此基础上，我们进一步指出：言语交际中的梯级推理必须受制于认知机制和语用适切性条件，从而避免了以前梯级研究因忽略语境因素致使含义泛化的问题。 本文创新之处主要体现在以下三点： 1)研究范围得以拓展。由于采用了更具灵活性的语用梯级，本文较以往理论在研究范围上有所拓展，从临时语用梯级与静态语义梯级的对比可窥豹一斑。相应地，传统的量词梯级含义理论必然发展成为一个更全面、更具包容性的新理论。我们称之为广义梯级含义理论，该理论在最大程度上囊括了交际中普遍存在的梯级现象。

论文目录

• Acknowledgements
• Abstract
• 内容提要
• Chapter One Introduction
• 1.0 Preliminary Remarks
• 1.1 Two Mainstream Approaches to Scalar Implicature
• 1.1.1 The Neo-Gricean Approach
• 1.1.2 The Post-Gricean Approach
• 1.2 Rationale of the Present Research
• 1.3 Objectives of the Current Research
• 1.4 Significance of the Current Research
• 1.5 Layout of the Dissertation
• Chapter Two Literature Review
• 2.0 Introduction
• 2.1 The Gricean Framework of Meaning Classification
• 2.2 Grice's Theory of Implicatures:The Cooperative Principle
• 2.3 Two Mainstream Approaches to Scalar Implicature
• 2.3.1 The Neo-Gricean Approach
• 2.3.1.1 Horn's Proposal
• 2.3.1.2 Hirschberg's Proposal
• 2.3.1.3 Levinson's Q-based Proposal
• 2.3.2 The Post-Gricean Approach
• 2.4 Interim Summary
• 2.5 Scalar Implicatures in Experimental Pragmatics
• 2.6 Problems with the Previous Accounts
• 2.7 Summary
• Chapter Three Theoretical Framework
• 3.0 Introduction
• 3.1 Empirical Observation
• 3.2 Cognitive Orientation
• 3.2.1 Conceptual Scales
• 3.2.2 Pragmatic Scales as Conceptual Scales
• 3.2.3 Scalar Models
• 3.2.3.1 One-dimensional Scalar Model
• 3.2.3.2 Two-dimensional Scalar Model
• 3.2.3.3 An Example of Multi-dimensional Scalar Model
• 3.2.4 Two Properties of Scalar Models
• 3.2.5 Four Major Kinds of Scalar Logic
• 3.3 Pragmatic Constraints on Scalar Implicatures
• 3.4 Summary
• Chapter Four Scalar Implicatures via Polarity Items
• 4.0 Introduction
• 4.1 Polarity Sensitivity of Polarity Items
• 4.1.1 Polarity Items
• 4.1.2 Polarity Context
• 4.2 The Semantic Approaches to Polarity Items
• 4.2.1 Affectivity as Downward Entailment:Ladusaw（1979）
• 4.2.2 Affectivity as Negation:Baker（1970） and Linebarger（1980）
• 4.3 Scalar Model of Polarity Items（SMP）
• 4.3.1 The Journey Through the Study of Scalar Model
• 4.3.1.1 Ducrot and Fauconnier
• 4.3.1.2 Kay
• 4.3.1.3 Fillmore, Kay and O'Connor（FKO）
• 4.3.2 The Initial SMP
• 4.3.2.1 Two Scalar Properties of the SMP
• 4.3.2.2 Four Types of PIs
• 4.3.3 Comments on the Initial SMP
• 4.3.4 The Revised SMP
• 4.3.5 Comparison Between the Initial SMP and the Revised SMP
• 4.3.6 Cognitive Understanding of the Revised SMP
• 4.3.6.1 Thematic Roles
• 4.3.6.2 Propositional Roles and Cognitive Schemata
• 4.3.7 Comments on the Revised SMP
• 4.3.7.1 Merits:
• 4.3.7.2 Demerits:Three Untouched Issues
• 4.4 Supplements to the Revised SMP
• 4.4.1 The Pragmatic Constraints on the Revised SMP
• 4.4.1.1 The Pragmatic Felicity Condition for Scalar Reasoning
• 4.4.1.2 The General Principle of Scalar Reasoning
• 4.4.1.3 The Pragmatic Constraints on the Revised SMP
• 4.4.2 Solutions to the Three Untouched Issues
• 4.4.2.1 The Insights from Relevance Theory
• 4.4.2.2 Solutions
• 4.5 Summary
• Chapter Five Scalar Implicatures via Even as a Scalar Operator
• 5.0 Introduction
• 5.1 A General Survey of Previous Studies on Even
• 5.1.1 The Argumentative Approach to Even
• 5.1.2 The Semantic Approaches to Even
• 5.1.2.1 Existential Account
• 5.1.2.2 Universal Account
• 5.1.2.3 Francescotti's View
• 5.1.3 The Pragmatic Approaches to Even
• 5.1.3.1 The Conventional Implicature of Even
• 5.1.3.2 The Conversational Implicature of Even
• 5.1.4 The Scalar Approaches to Even
• 5.1.4.1 Scalar Operators and Scalar Models
• 5.1.4.2 Fauconnier's "End-of-Scale" Account:Merits and Demerits
• 5.1.4.3 Kay's Scalar Account:Merits and Demerits
• 5.2 A Dynamic Cognitive-pragmatic Approach to Even
• 5.2.1 Relevance-oriented Procedural Meaning of Even
• 5.2.1.1 Relevance-theoretic View of Communication
• 5.2.1.2 A Procedural Meaning of Even
• 5.2.2 Ad hoc Pragmatic Scales and the Dynamic Scalar Interpretation of Even-sentences
• 5.2.2.1 Ad hoc Pragmatic Scales
• 5.2.2.2 Even-sentence Interpretation Along Ad hoc Pragmatic Scales
• 5.3 Summary
• Chapter Six Scalar Implieatures via Hyperbolic Metaphors
• 6.0 Introduction
• 6.1 Hyperbolic Metaphors and Their Classifications
• 6.1.1 Definition of Hyperbolic Metaphors
• 6.1.2 Two Types of Hyperbolic Metaphors
• 6.2 Class-inclusion Theory and Novel Hyperbolic Metaphors
• 6.2.1 Identification of Novel Metaphors
• 6.2.2 The Standard Pragmatic Theory of Metaphor Comprehension
• 6.2.3 Class-inclusion Theory of Metaphor Comprehension
• 6.3 Scalar Implicatures of Hyperbole
• 6.3.1 Two Basic Computational Rules for Scalar Implicature
• 6.3.2 The Great Chain of Being
• 6.3.2.1 Lovejoy（1936）
• 6.3.2.2 Lakoff and Turner（1989）
• 6.3.3 Scalar Implicature of Hyperbole
• 6.4 Scalar Implicature of Novel Hyperbolic Metaphors
• 6.4.1 Construction of Ad hoc Categories and Ad hoc Pragmatic Scales
• 6.4.1.1 Ad hoc Categories
• 6.4.1.2 Typicality in Ad hocCategories
• 6.4.1.3 Ad hoc Pragmatic Scales
• 6.4.2 Scalar Implicature of Novel Hyperbolic Metaphors
• 6.4.2.1 Novel Hyperbolic Metaphors for Positive Comments
• 6.4.2.2 Novel Hyperbolic Metaphors for Negative Comments
• 6.4.3 Revisiting Glucksberg's Classic Examples
• 6.5 Scalar Implicature of Conventionalized Hyperbolic Metaphors
• 6.5.1 Drawbacks of Lakoff et al's Conceptual Metaphor Theory
• 6.5.2 Counterfactual Thinking
• 6.5.3 Scalar Implicature of Conventionalized Hyperbolic Metaphors
• 6.5.3.1 Some Examples
• 6.5.3.2 Five Sub-types of Scalar Implicatures via Conventionalized Hyperbolic Metaphors
• 6.6 Summary
• Chapter Seven Conclusion
• 7.0 Introduction
• 7.1 Summary of the Major Findings
• 7.1.1 Findings Relating to the Extended Theory of Scalar Implicatures
• 7.1.2 Findings Concerning the Applications of the Extended Theory of Scalar Implicatures
• 7.2 Practical Implications of the Current Research
• 7.3 Limitations of the Current Research
• 7.3.1 Limitations in the Source of Data
• 7.3.2 Limitations in the Explications of the Findings
• 7.4 Suggestions for Further Study
• References