本文主要研究内容
作者蔡泽江(2019)在《有机物料调控红壤化学氮肥致酸效应的差异与机制》一文中研究指出:红壤以“酸瘦”为基本特征,近30年来,不合理施用化学氮肥加剧红壤区农田土壤酸化,铝毒害问题突出,严重制约了该地区农业的可持续发展。有机物料作为红壤肥力提升和酸化防治的材料,在农业生产中普遍应用。然而,湖南祁阳的长期定位试验发现,粪肥能有效防治红壤酸化,秸秆未能缓解酸化,其差异机制尚不清楚。因此,本研究基于中国农业科学院衡阳红壤实验站不同施肥、有机无机配施、农田养分管理3个红壤旱地长期定位试验(分别始于1990、2009和2009年)分析了不同有机物料(粪肥和作物秸秆)投入下红壤酸化特征,结合室内培养试验研究了有机物料中和红壤酸度的作用机理,有机物料调控红壤硝化作用和氢离子(H+)产生的效应与机理,以及有机酸盐在减缓红壤酸化中的作用,从而揭示了不同有机物料调控红壤化学氮肥致酸效应的差异与机制。主要结果与结论如下:(1)长期猪粪氮替代化肥氮70%或以上能有效防治红壤酸化;作物秸秆还田未能缓解化学氮肥引起的红壤酸化。长期不同施肥定位试验结果表明,施氮量300 kg N ha-1yr-1时猪粪氮替代化肥氮70%或以上(NPKM和M)土壤pH分别维持稳定或提高1.08个单位,交换性酸显著降低,盐基阳离子含量显著增加,有效防治红壤酸化;而单施化学肥料(NPK)和化学肥料加当季作物秸秆一半还田(NPKS1)处理在施肥的前8-10年土壤pH、交换性钙、镁含量快速降低,此后pH稳定在4.2-4.5,随施肥年限增加土壤交换性酸(以交换性铝为主)显著增加,加剧土壤酸化。(2)维持红壤不酸化的猪粪氮替代化肥氮比例随施氮量增加而增大。有机无机配施试验结果表明,当施氮量225 kg N ha-1yr-1时,单施化学肥料(NPKM0)或猪粪氮替代化肥氮20%处理(NPKM20)均显著加速红壤pH降低、交换性酸、铝增加,而当猪粪氮替代化肥氮40%和60%时(NPKM40和NPKM60),可有效维持或提高红壤pH、降低土壤交换性酸、铝含量,提高土壤交换性盐基阳离子含量,有效防治红壤酸化;而不同施肥定位试验(施氮量300 kg N ha-1yr-1)结果表明猪粪氮替代化肥氮70%能有效维持红壤不酸化,可见维持红壤不酸化的猪粪氮替代化肥氮比例随施氮量增加而增大。(3)猪粪和作物秸秆矿化释放碱性物质是其中和土壤酸度的主要机理,高碳氮比(C/N)作物秸秆降低土壤硝态氮(NO3--N+NO2--N)含量、消耗H+是其提高土壤pH的机理之一。培养试验结果表明,三种有机物料(猪粪、大豆秸秆、玉米秸秆)单施均能有效提高红壤pH和交换性盐基阳离子含量,降低交换性酸含量;大豆秸秆提高红壤pH的效果与猪粪相当,均显著高于玉米秸秆,土壤pH与碱添加量呈显著正相关,可见释放碱性物质是三种有机物料中和土壤酸度的主要机理;猪粪降低土壤交换性铝的效果是作物秸秆的2-20倍;猪粪处理显著增加土壤NO3--N+NO2--N含量,而大豆和玉米秸秆处理显著降低土壤NO3--N+NO2--N含量。(4)有机物料氮替代化肥氮降低土壤硝化作用,减少NO3--N+NO2--N和H+产生量,且当肥料C/N比>30显著降低土壤NO3--N+NO2--N含量和增加H+消耗,从而缓解红壤酸化。在无作物吸收情况下,施氮量150 mg N kg-1时猪粪氮替代化肥氮比例每增加1%,NO3--N+NO2--N产生量降低0.08-1.18 mg N kg-1、H+产生量降低0.01-0.08 mmol kg-1,且当替代比例≥70%可有效维持或提高红壤pH;玉米秸秆氮占施氮量≥50%时(C/N比>30),可显著降低土壤NO3--N+NO2--N含量,提高土壤pH;进一步证明,有机物料提高肥料C/N,减弱硝化作用和降低土壤NO3--N+NO2--N含量是高C/N比作物秸秆缓解酸化的机理之一。(5)有机酸盐阴离子去羧基作用中和了氮肥硝化作用释放的H+,防治红壤酸化。与单施尿素相比,配施有机酸盐均显著提高了NPK和NPKM土壤pH,以配施草酸钙处理增幅最大,其次为柠檬酸钙和苹果酸钙处理;尿素配施有机酸盐显著降低了NPK土壤交换性酸、铝含量;红壤pH变化量与CO2累积释放量均呈显著正相关,与NO3-含量/CO2累积释放量呈极显著正相关,表明有机酸阴离子去羧基作用中和了氮肥硝化作用释放的H+;有机酸盐促进了NPK土壤(pH4.36)硝化作用,而降低了NPKM土壤(pH5.88)硝化作用;低pH土壤显著限制了硝化作用而对去羧基作用无显著影响。由此可见,猪粪富含碱性物质,中和土壤酸度能力强,猪粪氮替代化肥氮能有效防治红壤酸化,且维持红壤不酸化的替代比例随施氮量增加而增大;作物秸秆碱性物质含量低,常规还田量下不足以中和化肥氮硝化产生的H+量,未能缓解红壤酸化。有机物料碱性物质释放,有机氮替代化肥氮降低硝化作用、减少硝态氮和H+产生量,以及增加C/N比降低土壤硝态氮含量和增加H+消耗是有机物料调控化学氮肥致酸效应的三方面机理。本研究表明,长期施用猪粪可有效防治红壤酸化,且是畜禽粪便资源化利用的主要措施之一;作物收获后,秸秆还田对土壤酸度具有改善作用,但以秸秆还田作为红壤酸化防治措施,应与其他改良措施配合施用。
Abstract
gong rang yi “suan shou ”wei ji ben te zheng ,jin 30nian lai ,bu ge li shi yong hua xue dan fei jia ju gong rang ou nong tian tu rang suan hua ,lv du hai wen ti tu chu ,yan chong zhi yao le gai de ou nong ye de ke chi xu fa zhan 。you ji wu liao zuo wei gong rang fei li di sheng he suan hua fang zhi de cai liao ,zai nong ye sheng chan zhong pu bian ying yong 。ran er ,hu na qi yang de chang ji ding wei shi yan fa xian ,fen fei neng you xiao fang zhi gong rang suan hua ,jie gan wei neng huan jie suan hua ,ji cha yi ji zhi shang bu qing chu 。yin ci ,ben yan jiu ji yu zhong guo nong ye ke xue yuan heng yang gong rang shi yan zhan bu tong shi fei 、you ji mo ji pei shi 、nong tian yang fen guan li 3ge gong rang han de chang ji ding wei shi yan (fen bie shi yu 1990、2009he 2009nian )fen xi le bu tong you ji wu liao (fen fei he zuo wu jie gan )tou ru xia gong rang suan hua te zheng ,jie ge shi nei pei yang shi yan yan jiu le you ji wu liao zhong he gong rang suan du de zuo yong ji li ,you ji wu liao diao kong gong rang xiao hua zuo yong he qing li zi (H+)chan sheng de xiao ying yu ji li ,yi ji you ji suan yan zai jian huan gong rang suan hua zhong de zuo yong ,cong er jie shi le bu tong you ji wu liao diao kong gong rang hua xue dan fei zhi suan xiao ying de cha yi yu ji zhi 。zhu yao jie guo yu jie lun ru xia :(1)chang ji zhu fen dan ti dai hua fei dan 70%huo yi shang neng you xiao fang zhi gong rang suan hua ;zuo wu jie gan hai tian wei neng huan jie hua xue dan fei yin qi de gong rang suan hua 。chang ji bu tong shi fei ding wei shi yan jie guo biao ming ,shi dan liang 300 kg N ha-1yr-1shi zhu fen dan ti dai hua fei dan 70%huo yi shang (NPKMhe M)tu rang pHfen bie wei chi wen ding huo di gao 1.08ge chan wei ,jiao huan xing suan xian zhe jiang di ,yan ji yang li zi han liang xian zhe zeng jia ,you xiao fang zhi gong rang suan hua ;er chan shi hua xue fei liao (NPK)he hua xue fei liao jia dang ji zuo wu jie gan yi ban hai tian (NPKS1)chu li zai shi fei de qian 8-10nian tu rang pH、jiao huan xing gai 、mei han liang kuai su jiang di ,ci hou pHwen ding zai 4.2-4.5,sui shi fei nian xian zeng jia tu rang jiao huan xing suan (yi jiao huan xing lv wei zhu )xian zhe zeng jia ,jia ju tu rang suan hua 。(2)wei chi gong rang bu suan hua de zhu fen dan ti dai hua fei dan bi li sui shi dan liang zeng jia er zeng da 。you ji mo ji pei shi shi yan jie guo biao ming ,dang shi dan liang 225 kg N ha-1yr-1shi ,chan shi hua xue fei liao (NPKM0)huo zhu fen dan ti dai hua fei dan 20%chu li (NPKM20)jun xian zhe jia su gong rang pHjiang di 、jiao huan xing suan 、lv zeng jia ,er dang zhu fen dan ti dai hua fei dan 40%he 60%shi (NPKM40he NPKM60),ke you xiao wei chi huo di gao gong rang pH、jiang di tu rang jiao huan xing suan 、lv han liang ,di gao tu rang jiao huan xing yan ji yang li zi han liang ,you xiao fang zhi gong rang suan hua ;er bu tong shi fei ding wei shi yan (shi dan liang 300 kg N ha-1yr-1)jie guo biao ming zhu fen dan ti dai hua fei dan 70%neng you xiao wei chi gong rang bu suan hua ,ke jian wei chi gong rang bu suan hua de zhu fen dan ti dai hua fei dan bi li sui shi dan liang zeng jia er zeng da 。(3)zhu fen he zuo wu jie gan kuang hua shi fang jian xing wu zhi shi ji zhong he tu rang suan du de zhu yao ji li ,gao tan dan bi (C/N)zuo wu jie gan jiang di tu rang xiao tai dan (NO3--N+NO2--N)han liang 、xiao hao H+shi ji di gao tu rang pHde ji li zhi yi 。pei yang shi yan jie guo biao ming ,san chong you ji wu liao (zhu fen 、da dou jie gan 、yu mi jie gan )chan shi jun neng you xiao di gao gong rang pHhe jiao huan xing yan ji yang li zi han liang ,jiang di jiao huan xing suan han liang ;da dou jie gan di gao gong rang pHde xiao guo yu zhu fen xiang dang ,jun xian zhe gao yu yu mi jie gan ,tu rang pHyu jian tian jia liang cheng xian zhe zheng xiang guan ,ke jian shi fang jian xing wu zhi shi san chong you ji wu liao zhong he tu rang suan du de zhu yao ji li ;zhu fen jiang di tu rang jiao huan xing lv de xiao guo shi zuo wu jie gan de 2-20bei ;zhu fen chu li xian zhe zeng jia tu rang NO3--N+NO2--Nhan liang ,er da dou he yu mi jie gan chu li xian zhe jiang di tu rang NO3--N+NO2--Nhan liang 。(4)you ji wu liao dan ti dai hua fei dan jiang di tu rang xiao hua zuo yong ,jian shao NO3--N+NO2--Nhe H+chan sheng liang ,ju dang fei liao C/Nbi >30xian zhe jiang di tu rang NO3--N+NO2--Nhan liang he zeng jia H+xiao hao ,cong er huan jie gong rang suan hua 。zai mo zuo wu xi shou qing kuang xia ,shi dan liang 150 mg N kg-1shi zhu fen dan ti dai hua fei dan bi li mei zeng jia 1%,NO3--N+NO2--Nchan sheng liang jiang di 0.08-1.18 mg N kg-1、H+chan sheng liang jiang di 0.01-0.08 mmol kg-1,ju dang ti dai bi li ≥70%ke you xiao wei chi huo di gao gong rang pH;yu mi jie gan dan zhan shi dan liang ≥50%shi (C/Nbi >30),ke xian zhe jiang di tu rang NO3--N+NO2--Nhan liang ,di gao tu rang pH;jin yi bu zheng ming ,you ji wu liao di gao fei liao C/N,jian ruo xiao hua zuo yong he jiang di tu rang NO3--N+NO2--Nhan liang shi gao C/Nbi zuo wu jie gan huan jie suan hua de ji li zhi yi 。(5)you ji suan yan yin li zi qu suo ji zuo yong zhong he le dan fei xiao hua zuo yong shi fang de H+,fang zhi gong rang suan hua 。yu chan shi niao su xiang bi ,pei shi you ji suan yan jun xian zhe di gao le NPKhe NPKMtu rang pH,yi pei shi cao suan gai chu li zeng fu zui da ,ji ci wei ning meng suan gai he ping guo suan gai chu li ;niao su pei shi you ji suan yan xian zhe jiang di le NPKtu rang jiao huan xing suan 、lv han liang ;gong rang pHbian hua liang yu CO2lei ji shi fang liang jun cheng xian zhe zheng xiang guan ,yu NO3-han liang /CO2lei ji shi fang liang cheng ji xian zhe zheng xiang guan ,biao ming you ji suan yin li zi qu suo ji zuo yong zhong he le dan fei xiao hua zuo yong shi fang de H+;you ji suan yan cu jin le NPKtu rang (pH4.36)xiao hua zuo yong ,er jiang di le NPKMtu rang (pH5.88)xiao hua zuo yong ;di pHtu rang xian zhe xian zhi le xiao hua zuo yong er dui qu suo ji zuo yong mo xian zhe ying xiang 。you ci ke jian ,zhu fen fu han jian xing wu zhi ,zhong he tu rang suan du neng li jiang ,zhu fen dan ti dai hua fei dan neng you xiao fang zhi gong rang suan hua ,ju wei chi gong rang bu suan hua de ti dai bi li sui shi dan liang zeng jia er zeng da ;zuo wu jie gan jian xing wu zhi han liang di ,chang gui hai tian liang xia bu zu yi zhong he hua fei dan xiao hua chan sheng de H+liang ,wei neng huan jie gong rang suan hua 。you ji wu liao jian xing wu zhi shi fang ,you ji dan ti dai hua fei dan jiang di xiao hua zuo yong 、jian shao xiao tai dan he H+chan sheng liang ,yi ji zeng jia C/Nbi jiang di tu rang xiao tai dan han liang he zeng jia H+xiao hao shi you ji wu liao diao kong hua xue dan fei zhi suan xiao ying de san fang mian ji li 。ben yan jiu biao ming ,chang ji shi yong zhu fen ke you xiao fang zhi gong rang suan hua ,ju shi chu qin fen bian zi yuan hua li yong de zhu yao cuo shi zhi yi ;zuo wu shou huo hou ,jie gan hai tian dui tu rang suan du ju you gai shan zuo yong ,dan yi jie gan hai tian zuo wei gong rang suan hua fang zhi cuo shi ,ying yu ji ta gai liang cuo shi pei ge shi yong 。
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论文作者分别是来自中国农业科学院的蔡泽江,发表于刊物中国农业科学院2019-07-05论文,是一篇关于红壤酸化论文,硝化作用论文,防治论文,有机物料论文,长期施肥论文,中国农业科学院2019-07-05论文的文章。本文可供学术参考使用,各位学者可以免费参考阅读下载,文章观点不代表本站观点,资料来自中国农业科学院2019-07-05论文网站,若本站收录的文献无意侵犯了您的著作版权,请联系我们删除。
标签:红壤酸化论文; 硝化作用论文; 防治论文; 有机物料论文; 长期施肥论文; 中国农业科学院2019-07-05论文;