英汉存在句之认知研究

英汉存在句之认知研究

论文摘要

本文旨在从认知角度对英汉存在句进行研究,试图探索其特点,翻译以及英语存在句与汉语存在句之间异同等问题。本文发现如下:首先,存在there与指示there在主语性,否定性,嵌入性以及与here互换方面存在不同。存在there具有抽象方位意义,且是一个源于副词的语法化词,指示地方并具有指出下文的功能。同时,它还像个始发者扮演引入角色来激活语言使用者对所述句子的经验性理解。第二,从图形/背景分离角度来看,除了一些特例,英语存在句的结构主要遵循图形-背景顺序,这十分符合讲英语的人们对世界的认知特点。其结构为There (始发者)+V(表示存在,出现和消失)+Nominals (图形,新信息)+Prepositional phrases (背景,多为时空短语)。至于汉语存在句,其结构则是典型的背景-图形模式,这同样也符合中国人表达某处存在某物的认知特点,其结构为NP1(处)(背景)+VP (表达存在的不同状态)+NP2(事物)(图形,新信息)。汉语存在结构的语序相对固定,这一点十分不同于英语存在结构。第三,人们普遍认为,动词后的名词短语只有是非限定性时才能自由正常地出现在英语存在句中,即定指限制性。然而,说话者使用there-结构的目的在于运用相应时空框架来激发听话者对某一存在体的注意力,当然前提是说话者认为听话者在当前话语空间(当前话语空间是一种心理空间,该心理空间包含在特定时刻所有被认为是作为话语基础的说话者和听话者的共识)中并没有意识到这一存在句体。因此,当前话语空间理论对于为何应用限定性名词的理解上具有重要作用,而且这也是人类对世界的认知方式,即由名词短语所表示的存在体要么在当前话语空间里是新信息,要么在前一个时空框架里是新信息。第四,there-be-存在句与have-存在句之间的区别如下:have-存在句主要表示亲属关系,部分-整体关系以及所有关系,而there-be-存在句则更关注存在体本身。从Langacker的主体化视角来看,have-存在句中的主语具有为宾语指示方位的空间参照点作用。第五,虽然英语和汉语属于不同的语系,但在谈到存在句问题时,它们之间却又许多相似之处,当然同时也有更多不同之处。因此,运用概念整合理论来解决存在句的翻译问题显得十分必要。从认知角度看,我们应该考虑文化差异,不同思维方式以及不同的语言组织形式,而不该盲目地将英语存在句翻译成传统的“某处存在某物”形式,也不该将汉语存在句简单译成there-be-结构,应该具体问题具体分析。

论文目录

  • Abstract
  • 摘要
  • Chapter One Introduction
  • 1.1 Background Information
  • 1.2 Research Aims
  • 1.3 Research Scope and Method
  • 1.4 Structure of This Thesis
  • Chapter Two Literature Review
  • 2.1 Previous Studies of English Existential Sentences
  • 2.1.1 The Study of English Existential Sentences by Western Scholars
  • 2.1.2 The Study of English Existential Sentences by Chinese Scholars
  • 2.2 Previous Studies of Chinese Existential Sentences
  • Chapter Three Theoretical Framework
  • 3.1 Theoretical Basis of Cognitive Linguistics
  • 3.1.1 Image Schema, Prototype Theory
  • 3.1.2 Figure / Ground Segregation & Trajector and Landmark
  • 3.2 Mental Space Theory and Conceptual Metaphor
  • 3.2.1 Mental Space Theory
  • 3.2.2 Conceptual Metaphor
  • 3.2.3 Conceptual Integration Theory
  • 3.3 Cognitive Perspective of Grammaticalisation
  • Chapter Four A Cognitive Study of There-constructions
  • 4.1 A Cognitive Analysis of English Existential Constructions
  • 4.1.1 Figure and Ground Segregation: the characteristics of English Existential Constructions
  • 4.1.2 Prototype and Markedness: Why there not here?
  • 4.1.3 The Meaning and Function of Existential There
  • 4.2 A Cognitive Explanation of Definiteness Restrictions in English Existential Constructions
  • 4.2.1 The Definiteness Restriction in English Existential Constructions (EEC)
  • 4.2.2 Current Discourse Space (CDS) and Mental Contact: the Definite Article and Indefinite Article
  • 4.2.3 Cognitive Analysis of the Issue
  • 4.3 A Comparative Study of There-be and Have
  • 4.3.1 Subjectification: an understanding of possessive Have
  • 4.3.2 Comparisons between There-existentials and Have-existentials
  • Chapter Five A Cognitive Study of the Translation of Existential Sentences.
  • 5.1 A Brief Introduction to Chinese Existential Sentences
  • 5.1.1 Different Language Families
  • 5.1.2 Ground and Figure: Chinese Existential Sentences and their Classification
  • 5.2 A Contrastive Study of English Existential Sentences and Chinese Existential Sentences
  • 5.2.1 Similarities between English and Chinese Existential Sentences
  • 5.2.2 Differences between English and Chinese Existential Sentences
  • 5.3 Translation of Existential Sentences from a Cognitive Perspective
  • 5.3.1 Translation Equivalence
  • 5.3.2 Translation and Cognition
  • Chapter Six Conclusion
  • References
  • Acknowledgements
  • Curriculum Vitae
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    英汉存在句之认知研究
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