论文摘要
本文从Austin(1962)和Searle(1969)的言语行为理论出发,对中国成年人的拒绝言语行为进行了专题研究,分析了这一言语行为所体现的礼貌原则,以及中国人拒绝言语行为的实施与不同的语言及社会因素之间的关系。引发拒绝的行为包括请求、邀请、给予和建议四类言语行为,社会因素涉及性别、社会权势和社会距离。本文采用社会语言学研究的方法,通过观察记录了在日常生活中自然情景下发生的拒绝言语行为。另外,作者还采用了中国2006年和2007年拍摄的六部电影和八部电视连续剧作为语言素材来进行研究整合,以此来增强本研究的信度和效度。自然观察到的拒绝言语行为有221例,影视材料中出现的有260例。所有的拒绝言语行为被分为直接拒绝、间接拒绝、修饰语和称呼语四类语义模式。作者对各项数据进行了描述性分析,根据SPSS中的t-test和卡方检验的数据分析方法以及Excel的表格描述,对各项结果进行讨论。研究结果显示,中国成年人普遍采用的拒绝策略是间接拒绝,其中以“说明拒绝的原因”这一模式出现的频率最高;拒绝策略的使用及使用的直接性程度受引发拒绝的言语行为和社会权势两个因素的影响。本文还进一步探讨了中国人的拒绝言语行为所反映的深层的文化因素,即中国儒家文化的和谐观。中国人崇尚“和为贵”和“含蓄美”,在处理人际关系中推崇和睦、和气、团结,所以在不得不进行伤害对方面子的拒绝行为中,中国人通常要采用委婉礼貌的方式。另外,中国传统的等级制度也制约着拒绝行为中的礼貌现象,但是社会权势对拒绝语的影响并没有呈现出Brown和Levinson (1987)所阐述的礼貌程度会随社会权势的增加而相应增加的线性变化特征。中国成年人对各种拒绝策略的使用与社会权势的关系更多地体现着中国传统的等级制度这一特有的文化内涵。与国内类似研究相比,由于本研究采用自然观察的方法以获取语言素材,因此更为真实可靠,涉及到的场景与说话者的社会生活背景也更为丰富全面,使得这类研究更深入了一步。但是由于各种研究方法都有自身所不能克服的缺陷,所以自然观察的方法还必须结合其它研究方法来增强研究的效度和信度。本文的研究结果对跨文化交流也有一定的启示意义,所发现的中国成年人拒绝策略的使用及其与语言和社会因素的关系对对外汉语教师和学习汉语的外国学生都有一定的参考价值。
论文目录
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