英汉叙述语篇中句内下指现象的认知功能阐释

英汉叙述语篇中句内下指现象的认知功能阐释

论文摘要

下指是回指的标记形式,系指:指代形式(pro-form)出现在语篇上文。本文以叙述语篇中的句内下指现象为研究对象。以往研究通常将“P+NP”看作下指的唯一构式,对“P+NP”构式的研究单看诸如下例中下划线所示名代之间的指称关系,忽略P、NP所在小句所表达的事件以及相互之间的关联。(?)1 Mistaking him2 for a burglar, Barbara1 shoots Carol’s boyfriend2. (van Hoek, 1997:121)本文从认知角度对这一句式做出新的功能阐释,即:关注小句之间的事件关联,将前置-ing看作零形式(?)。这样,以往“P+NP”构式中-ing开头的句式就成为本文中的“(?) +P”或“(?)+N”构式。由此,我们以可及性理论为依据,将下指句式按照零形式((?))、代词(P)与名词(NP)之间的可及性差异拓宽为“P+NP”、“(?)+P”与“(?)+N”三式;后两式合一为“(?)+P/NP”式,其中的“(?)”代表不定式(-ing、to)及其它省略形式(reduced form)。具体理由为:1)在van Hoek (1997)的“P+NP”构式中,P小句多为明示状语/从句,有从属关联词引导,如介词、连词等;2)van Hoek对“P+NP”构式的解释名为认知、语义,实为句法、形式;对上述-ing开头的下指句只作了静态分析,没有触及根本;3)以“(?)+P/N”替代“P+NP”,不仅关注了小句之间的名代关系,更突出了其中的事件关联;4)-ing开头的下指句,因为缺少明示语义关联,容易造成误解;这一句式恰好构成英汉比较的共同基础(TC)。以上-ing小句与汉语下指句中开头小句的相似之处在于:两者均表示一个先行事件,从而自然成为其后事件/小句的背景。对前、后景的这一认识与传统观点相左:Li(2004)即认为,完成标记“了”对应后景,未完成标记“着”对应前景;英语中-ing等简化形式表示前景,而完整小句表示后景。本文以可及性、象似性与标记理论为依据,对英汉下指句式的分析同时关注话题与事件的延续性,并按时间的单向性确定前后景关系。这一阐释符合叙事语篇中语言与现实(句子与事件)的直接对应关系;采用名动两分(话题+事件)的认知分析方法,有助于对前、后景的功能判断。研究表明,不能将英语中-ing前置小句简单称作状语,同样也无法将未完成“着”与前景简单对应。同时发现,英汉下指句中的话题、时体和连接词互为关联,共同支撑小句之间的衔接关系。相对而言,汉语中的体标记更多地以词汇复合(语义)手段来实现,而英语体标记的语法化(形式化)程度更高。以上结论基于自建平行语料库,与传统文献常以零散句子为据形成鲜明对照。

论文目录

  • Acknowledgements
  • Abstract
  • 内容提要
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Definition of cataphora
  • 1.2 A preliminary survey of literature
  • 1.3 Objective and methodology
  • 1.4 Organization of the thesis
  • Chapter 2 Sentential Cataphora and Its Function: Review and Critique
  • 2.1 Cataphora in English
  • 2.1.1 van Hoek and the “P+NP”pattern
  • 2.1.2 Sentential cataphora and its function
  • 2.2 Cataphora in Chinese
  • 2.2.1 van Hoek (1997)’s influence
  • 2.2.2 Cataphora and TC: Li (2004)
  • 2.2.2.1 Zero cataphora and “chain-initial cataphoric links”
  • 2.2.2.2 TC and/or sentence: Li’s “sentence-initial anaphoric links”
  • 2.2.2.3 Function of cataphora: Li (2004)’s interpretation
  • 2.3 Summary
  • Chapter 3 Interpreting Cataphora: Accessibility, Iconicity, and Markedness
  • 3.1 Topic continuity and NP accessibility
  • 3.1.1 Topic continuity
  • 3.1.2 Topic activation and NP accessibility ((?)-P-N)
  • 3.2 Action continuity
  • 3.2.1 Action continuity in -ing
  • 3.2.2 Preposed vs. Postposed v-ing (V-ing vs. v-ing)
  • 3.2.2.1 On V-ing
  • 3.2.2.2 On v-ing
  • 3.2.2.3 V-ing vs. v-ing
  • 3.2.3 Arguing against syntactic backgrounding
  • 3.2.3.1 Confusion over ‘grounding
  • 3.2.3.2 -ing clauses are not “subordinate”
  • 3.2.3.3 -ing clauses are not ADV
  • 3.2.3.4 Categorizing V-ing
  • 3.3 Anteriority and relative grounding
  • 3.3.1 Time in narration: tense and/or aspect
  • 3.3.2 Grammatical vs. Inherent Aspect
  • 3.3.3 Perfective past (-ed)
  • 3.3.4 The perfect
  • 3.3.5 The imperfective (progressive/on-going)
  • 3.3.6 Verb aspect: events vs. states
  • 3.3.7 Inherent aspect and grounding
  • 3.3.8 Passivity
  • 3.4 Summary
  • Chapter 4 Cataphora in Chinese: Iconicity, Economy and Relative Grounding
  • 4.1 Zero-prominence vs. P-prominence ((?) vs. P)
  • 4.1.1 Pronunciation
  • 4.1.2 Ellipsis
  • 4.1.3 Linearity/iconicity
  • 4.2 Iconicity in Chinese
  • 4.2.1 Perfectivity and hierarchy of aspect
  • 4.2.1.1 Inherent perfectivity (V-R / VV)
  • 4.2.1.2 Compulsory aspect
  • 1’'>4.2.2 ‘Where not to use -了1
  • 4.2.3 Cases of samples
  • 1'>4.2.3.1 The case of 看1
  • 1'>4.2.3.2 The case of 到1
  • 4.2.3.3 Coherence bridge
  • 4.3 Summary
  • Chapter 5 Conclusion
  • Bibliography
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