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特殊句式的作格阐释

2020-11-29阅读(1018)

特殊句式的作格阐释

论文摘要

本研究试图从作格的角度系统地解释汉语中的六类特殊句式:“把”字句、“被”字句、倒装句、准倒装句、与特殊句式相关的主题句和重动句(它们将在第二章给予定义)。它们构成了一组“偏离”句式。随着研究的深入,可以看出联系它们的是作格性和作格化。本研究共分五大部分。第一,本文作者首先给它们提供可行的定义,指出为什么它们可以放到一起来研究。过去对特殊句式的研究都遵循一个传统—对各类特殊句式进行单独的研究,以揭示它们的句法行为、语义属性和语用功能为主旨。这些研究富有启迪、使人思考,但遗憾的是它们之间的联系却未能予以揭示。本研究试图从作格的角度重新考量它们。第二,在综述前人对特殊句式和作格研究成果的基础上,本文作者提出一个解释特殊句式的新模式,如图1所示:单音节动词到复杂动词形式↓以结果补语、时体标记、动量补语和趋向补语为代表的补语↓受事宾语的左向移动和特殊句式的形成↓特殊句式中的历时作格化图一特殊句式中的历时作格化图一可解释为:随着汉语从单音化向双音化趋势的不断增强,汉语动词在形式上趋于复杂化,在功能上表达力增强。在双音化趋势影响下,汉语中发展出各类补语,最有代表性的是四类补语:结果补语、时体标记、动量补语和趋向补语。它们紧紧地“靠在”谓语动词后面,把宾语从动词后“挤压”出去。于是补语和谓语动词之间发展出一种“亲密”的关系,该关系产生了一种句法效果:原先居动词后的受事宾语很容易左移到动词前,并取代原先的主语成为新的主语。这类受事宾语左移推动了特殊句式的形成,在这个“推动”过程中,历时作格化就产生了,特殊句式集中表现了历时作格化。第三,为使图一的解释模式建立在坚实的基础上,本文作者简要追溯了补语的来源及其句法效果。当补语出现在表现实类句中时,该类句子呈现过去时或完成体。补语强化了汉语重视动作过程的特点。从类型学上考虑,时体标记的形成使汉语成为一种体突出型语言(参见3.4节)。这些特性(宾语左移和体突出等)是作语型语言的一般特性(参见2.2.2节)。于是,本文作者得出结论:补语,特别是四类补语(结果补语、时体标记、动量补语和趋向补语)为历时作格化的出现铺平了道路。当补语出现在“正常”句中时,句子呈现宾格型,即宾语在动词后,句子的语序是SVO型。但是当它们出现在特殊句式中时,宾语无法维持原先的动词后位置。宾语离开该位置并逐渐左移。特殊助词如“把”、“被”和重动句中拷贝动词与四类补语一起帮助受事宾语逐渐左移。这种左移的逐渐性(即某些特殊句式的受事宾语比另一些特殊句式的受事宾语更加靠左)导致特殊句式内的作格性的层级表现。第四,如上所述,作格性和作格化在特殊句式内表现不均,本文作者用四个标准来验查这种不均,即:(1)某特殊句式与从句位置的相容度(2)主动词谓语的去及物化状态(3)受事宾语的受影响程度(4)受事宾语的左移程度和施事主语的位置变化按作格性层级强弱,特殊句式可作如下排列:与特殊句式相关的主题句>倒装句>准倒装句>“被”字句和“把”字句>重动句也就是说,与特殊句式相关的主题句已完全作格化,倒装句和准倒装句已部分作格化,“把”字句和“被”字句有条件地作格化,重动句几乎没有作格化。作格态被认为是三种态之一(参见M.A.K韩利德,2007,另两种态是主动态和被动态)。虽然本文并不在于将汉语中的作格现象上升到态的地位,但我们相信,本研究对于汉语的句法研究有启迪作用,并能提供新的视角。特别值得一提的是,我们从历时、共时和语言心理的角度对特殊句式进行了探讨。这样做,希望我们的研究能建立在解释充分性的基础上,并希望它对对汉语中作格这一语言现象有兴趣的研究者有启示意义。

论文目录

  • Acknowledgements
  • Abstract
  • 摘要
  • CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
  • 1.1 THEME
  • 1.2 METHODS
  • 1.3 BREAKTHROUGHS
  • 1.4 TERMINOLOGY
  • 1.5 ARRANGEMENT
  • CHAPTER TWO PREVIOUS STUDIES ON SSCS AND ERGATIVITY
  • 2.1 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON CHINESE SSCS
  • 2.1.1 Definitions of SSCs in Chinese
  • 2.1.2 Ba construction
  • 2.1.3 Bei construction
  • 2.1.4 Verb-copy construction
  • 2.1.5 Semi-inverse, inverse constructions
  • 2.1.6 Topic construction
  • 2.1.7 Summary and further research
  • 2.2 A SURVEY OF ERGATIVITY STUDIES
  • 2.2.1 Concepts concerning egativity
  • 2.2.2 Previous studies on ergativity
  • 2.2.3 Limitations and inspirations
  • 2.3.DIACHRONIC ERGATIVIZATION
  • CHAPTER THREE LINGUISTIC FOUNDATIONS OF AN ERGATIVE EXPLANATION FOR SSCS
  • 3.1 TYPOLOGY OF CHINESE
  • 3.2 ERGATIVE FOUNDATIONS OF VERB SYSTEM
  • 3.2.1 Definition of ergative foundations of verb system
  • 3.2.2 Monosyllabic myth and restricted ergativity in Old Chinese
  • 3.2.3 Restrected ergativity on monosyllabic verbs in Modern Chinese
  • 3.2.4 Ergative foundation of complicated verb forms
  • 3.2.5 Summary
  • 3.3 TENSE-ASPECT FOUNDATION OF ERGATIVITY IN CHINESE
  • 3.3.1 Bhat’s classification of language types
  • 3.3.2 Four criteria of language prominence justified in terms of aspect
  • 3.3.3 Prominence of aspect in Chinese
  • 3.4 SUMMARY
  • CHAPTER FOUR ERGATIVE BEHAVIORS IN CHINESE SSCS
  • 4.1 DENG SIYING’S ERGATIVIZATION APPROACH TO CHINESE BEI CONSTRUCTION
  • 4.2 CRITERIA OF ASSESSING ERGATIVITY IN CHINESE SSCS
  • 4.2.1 Embeddability of SSCs with subordinate clausal slots
  • 4.2.2 Detransitivization status of the verb-predicate in an SSC
  • 4.2.3 Affectedness status of the patient-object in an SSC
  • 4.2.4 Leftward repositioning status of patient-objects and the positional change of agent-subjects
  • 4.3 AN ANALYSIS OF ERGATIVE SYNTAX IN BA CONSTRUCTIONS
  • 4.3.1 Embeddability of a ba construction in a subordinate clausal slot
  • 4.3.2 Detransitivization status of the verb-predicates in ba constructions
  • 4.3.3 Affectedness and leftward repositioning of patient-objects
  • 4.4 AN ANALYSIS OF ERGATIVE SYNTAX IN VERB-COPY CONSTRUCTION
  • 4.4.1 Embeddability of a verb-copy construction in a subordinate clausal slot
  • 4.4.2 Detransitivization status of verb-predicates in verb-copy constructions
  • 4.4.3 Affectedness and leftward positioning of patient-objects
  • 4.5 AN ANALYSIS OF ERGATIVE BEHAVIORS IN A SEMI-INVERSE CONSTRUCTION
  • 4.6 AN ANALYSIS OF ERGATIVE BEHAVIORS IN AN INVERSE CONSTRUCTION
  • 4.7 AN ANALYSIS OF ERGATIVE BEBAVIORS IN AN SSC-RELATED TOPIC CONSTRUCTION.
  • 4.7.1 Classification of topic structures
  • 4.7.2 An examination of ergative syntax in an SSC-related topic construction
  • 4.8 AN ANALYSIS OF ERGATIVE BEHAVIORS IN BEI CONSTRUCTION
  • 4.9 HIERARCHY OF ERGATIVITY IN SSCS IN CHINESE
  • 4.9.1 Summary of the ergative behaviors in SSCs
  • 4.9.2 Hierarchy of ergativity in SSCs
  • 4.10 A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF ERGATIVITY IN SSCS
  • 4.11 A REINTERPRETATION OF BEI AND BA
  • 4.11.1 A reinterpretation of bei
  • 4.11.2 A reinterpretation of ba
  • 4.12 SUMMARY
  • CHAPTER FIVE ACCUSATIVE-ERGATIVE SHIFT AND ITS SYNTACTIC EFFECT--WITH ENGLISH AS A CONTRAST
  • 5.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 5.2 ISSUES
  • 5.3 A COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS OF TRANSITIVE VERBS IN ENGLISH
  • 5.3.1 Preliminary
  • 5.3.2 Transitive verb and its semantic structure in English and Chinese
  • 5.4 A COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS OF TRANSITIVE VERBS IN CHINESE
  • 5.4.1 Hidden Res in Old Chinese
  • 5.4.2 Explicit Res in Middle Chinese
  • 5.4.3 Explicit Res in Modern Chinese
  • 5.4.4 Hierarchy of ergativity in SSCs revisited
  • 5.5 ACCUSATIVE-ERGATIVE SHIFT IN SSCS AND ITS SYNTACTIC EFFECT
  • 5.5.1 Accusative-prominent typology of English
  • 5.5.2 Syntactic effect of accusative-ergative shift
  • 5.6 SUMMARY
  • CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSION
  • 6.1 MAIN FINDINGS
  • 6.2 IMPLICATIONS
  • 6.3 LIMITATIONS
  • 6.4 TOPICS FOR FUTURE STUDY
  • REFERENCES
  • GLOSSARY
  • PUBLICATIONS

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    特殊句式的作格阐释
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