从生态女性主义角度重读《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧成因

论文摘要

托马斯·哈代的威塞克斯系列小说代表了19世纪末和20世纪初现实主义小说的最高成就。哈代的艺术创作以塑造有象征意义的自然背景见长,他作为文学巨匠深谙小说创作中背景的重要作用并且认为社会背景和自然环境对人物性格的形成有重要作用。在哈代的小说中环境描写和人物塑造相互交织,并且利用社会环境和自然环境背景来突出小说中的人物形象使人物与环境融为一体。换句话说,小说中人物活动的背景环境和人物塑造有着同等的重要作用。哈代的作品中,除了大量自然描述这个特点外,另一个显著特点就是哈代在其小说中大量出现的各具特色的女性形象。在哈代威塞克斯系列小说中,苔丝是处于社会转型期内并且最受读者喜爱的女性形象。哈代认为社会转型期内的历史性的巨变不是进步,反而代表着失望和遗憾。尤其对与自然有紧密联系的女性来说,工业革命和现代化的生活方式都导致她们逐步的脱离自然。本文利用生态女性主义文学理论,结合生态女性主义原则从男性与女性关系,人类与自然关系两方面来揭示哈代《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧根源。通过用生态女性主义理论分析苔丝的悲剧根源,读者会初步掌握19世纪末20世纪初男性通过征服自然进一步的控制女性带来的社会上各种思想交汇。人类社会对自然的破坏和男性对女性的控制是相互统一的整体。通过揭示苔丝悲剧的根本所在不仅能够警示读者认识到人类文明进步是以对自然的破坏为代价的,并且使人类意识到了保护自然环境,与自然和谐相处的重要性。

论文目录

• 摘要
• ABSTRACT
• Chapter 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Research Background
• 1.2 Aims of the Study
• 1.3 Research Questions
• 1.4 Organization of the Thesis
• Chapter 2 Literature Review
• 2.1 Previous Studies on Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles
• 2.1.1 Research on the Theme
• 2.1.2 Research on the Symbolism
• 2.2 Previous Research Method on Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles
• 2.2.1 Structuralist Interpretation of Tess of the d'Urbervilles
• 2.2.2 Reception-Aesthetics Criticist Interpretation of Tess of the d'Urbervilles
• 2.2.3 Feminist Perspective Int erpretation of Tess of the d'Urbervilles
• 2.2.4 Radical Aesthetic Interpretation of Tess of the d'Urbervilles
• 2.3 The Significance of the Study
• Chapter 3 Research Methodology
• 3.1 The Theory of Ecofeminism
• 3.1.1 Definition of Ecofeminism
• 3.1.2 Main Principles of Ecofeminism
• 3.1.3 Different Genres of Ecofeminism
• 3.1.4 Values of Ecofeminism in Literature Interpretation
• 3.2 Terminological Mutations of Ecofeminism
• 3.2.1 Ecofeminism as a Principle of Women's Liberation
• 3.2.2 Ecofeminism as a Principle of Environment Protection
• Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
• 4.1 Tess as a Symbol of Nature Reflecting Ecocriticism's Ideas
• 4.1.1 The Connection Between Natural Scenery and Tess's Fate
• 4.1.1.1 Natural Scenery Reflecting Tess's Beauty
• 4.1.1.2 Seasons Alternation Combining with Tess's Life Changes
• 4.1.2 The Harmonious Relationship Between Tess and Nature
• 4.1.2.1 In Village of Marlott
• 4.1.2.2 At Talbothays Dairy Farm
• 4.2 The Destruction of Tess's Normal Life by Capitalist Civilization
• 4.2.1 Huge Tensions Between Man and Nature
• 4.2.1.1 Man's Invasion to Nature
• 4.2.1.2 Men's Invasion to Women
• 4.3 The Root of Tess's Tragedy Judging From Material Perspective
• 4.3.1 The Loss of Noble Name of d'Urbevilles
• 4.3.2 The Loss of Virginity
• 4.3.3 The Miserable Working Days in Flintcomb-Ash Farm
• 4.3.4 The Painful Decision to be Alec's Mistress
• 4.4 The Root of Tess's Tragedy Viewing From Spiritual Perspective
• 4.4.1 The Bad Influence of Collective Unconsciousness
• 4.4.2 The Bad Influence of Religious Belief
• 4.4.3 Men's Superiority to Tess in Ideology
• 4.5 The Root of Tess's Tragedy Caused by Her own Character
• 4.5.1 Tess's Opinion about Love and Family
• 4.5.2 Tess's Weakness in Her Own Character
• Chapter 5 Conclusion
• 5.1 Major Findings
• 5.2 Limitations
• 5.3 Implications and Suggestions
• Reference
• Acknowledgements
• Resume