程度副词与动词的搭配 ——基于语料库的英汉对比研究

论文摘要

在过去的三十年里,语料库语言学的发展大大促进了词语搭配的研究。以往的词语搭配研究主要侧重两方面:一是探讨搭配的界定和提取;二是研究词语搭配的语义、句法和语用限制。第一类研究大多是基于语料库的定量研究,第二类则多为定性研究。而基于大型真实语料库的关于搭配限制的定性研究却很少见。由于词汇的个体差异性大,第二类研究往往只是针对少数词语进行个例研究,因此其结论很难具有普遍性。本研究旨在分析和对比英汉程度副词和动词的搭配。其核心是借助英汉语料库工具和数据,提取出英汉语中程度副词和动词的显著性搭配,并在此基础上分析其背后的限制因素。本研究主要包括三部分内容:一是采用语料库语言学的方法,从BNC Baby和LCMC等语料库中提取出英汉语中程度副词和动词的显著性搭配,总结分析其动词的搭配范围;二是分别从语义、句法和韵律的角度分析这些因素如何约束英汉程度副词与动词的搭配,并在语料数据基础上得出相关结论;三是比较英汉两种语言中,程度副词与动词搭配的异同,并分析导致异同的原因,从而有助于我们更好地理解英汉语言的特点。本研究的主要结论如下:第一,动词在程度上或时间上的有界性/无界性必须和搭配程度副词的语义一致。程度副词根据功能可以分为“完全程度副词”和“级阶程度副词”。完全程度副词(包括最高量程度副词和接近副词)同有界动词搭配,级阶程度副词(包括高量程度副词、缓和程度副词和微量程度副词)同无界动词搭配。英汉语中的大部分程度副词和动词的搭配都遵循这个语义类型匹配原则。同时英汉语也允许某些不匹配搭配的存在,当语义发生冲突时会启动级阶协同机制来修复这种语义上的不和谐,而且通常是动词修正其语义上的有界性使其与副词的语义相匹配。语料显示,汉语对不匹配搭配的容忍度要高于英语。第二,程度副词和动词的搭配受句法约束。一个词汇不仅倾向与某些词汇搭配,也倾向于出现在某些位置或具有某种语法功能。汉语程度副词可以用作程度补语和程度状语;英语程度副词可以用作程度修饰语和附属语。不同的语法功能会导致这些词在句中与动词的相对位置有所不同。此外,汉语程度副词常用来修饰一些使役结构和情态动词,而英语程度副词却往往不然。第三,除了语义和句法限制外,词语的搭配还受韵律限制,尽管它在不同语言中的作用有所不同。汉语讲究节奏美,有时甚至可以为了节奏平衡而违背语法规则;英语虽然也注重节奏,但往往将句法置于节奏之上。汉语词语的音节数量会影响词语的搭配。就音节而言,汉语程度副词和动词搭配的无标记形式是单音节和单音节,双音节和双音节组合。当词语或语境没有单双音节可选词时,为了节奏平衡,可以在程度副词后面添加虚词“是”或“地”。而在英语中,程度副词和动词的音节数对搭配的限制还有待发现。

论文目录

Acknowledgements

ABSTRACT

摘要

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 The significance of collocation

1.2 The study of degree adverbs from a collocational perspective

1.3 Scope and objectives of the study

1.4 Outline of the dissertation

Chapter 2 Literature review

2.1 Theoretical and empirical studies on collocation

2.1.1 Research traditions of collocation

2.1.2 Definition of collocation

2.1.2.1 Various definitions of collocation

2.1.2.2 Defining features of collocation

2.1.3 Extraction of collocations

2.1.4 The nature of collocation restrictions

2.1.5 Summary

2.2 Definition and classification of degree adverbs

2.2.1 Definition of degree adverbs

2.2.2 Classification of degree adverbs

2.2.2.1 Classification of degree adverbs in English

2.2.2.2 Classification of degree adverbs in Chinese

2.3 Previous research on the collocation of degree adverbs with verbs

2.3.1 Previous research on the collocation of degree adverbs with verbs in English

2.3.2 Previous research on the collocation of degree adverbs with verbs in Chinese

2.3.3 Summary

Chapter 3 Methodological considerations

3.1 Contrastive approach

3.2 Intuition-based plus corpus-based approach

3.3 Qualitative plus quantitative analysis

3.4 Selection of corpora

3.4.1 BNC

3.4.2 BNC baby

3.4.3 LCMC

3.4.4 Other corpora: CCL and some parallel corpora

Chapter 4 Semantic restrictions on the collocation of degree adverbs with verbs

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The （un）boundedness of verbs

4.2.1 The （un）boundedness of events with reference to time

4.2.1.1 The conceptualization of boundedness of events

4.2.1.2 The linguistic instantiation of boundedness of events

4.2.2 The （un）boundedness events with reference to degree

4.2.3 Summary

4.3 A corpus-based investigation of the collocation of degree adverbs with verbs in English

4.3.1 Maximal degree adverbs: completely, absolutely, fully, entirely, totally, perfectly

4.3.2 Approximatives: almost, nearly, virtually and practically

4.3.3 Boosters: greatly, much and very much

4.3.4 Moderators：fairly, pretty, rather, and quite

4.3.5 Minimal degree adverbs: slightly

4.3.6 Summary

4.4 A corpus-based investigation of the collocation of degree adverbs with verbs in Chinese

4.4.1 Maximal degree adverbs: wanquan

4.4.2 Approximatives: jihu, chadianr, chabuduo

4.4.3 Boosters: hen, feichang, tai, ji, shifen

4.4.4 Moderators: bijiao and jiao

4.4.5 Minimal degree adverbs: youdian, shao, lue, shaoshao, shaowei, luewei

4.5 A contrastive analysis of semantic restrictions on the collocations of degree adverbs with verbs in English and Chinese

4.5.1 The similarities

4.5.1.1 The principle of type matching

4.5.1.2 The （un）boundedness of nominals with quantifiers

4.5.1.3 Coercion

4.5.2 The differences

4.5.2.1 Debounding by means of quantifiers

4.5.2.2 Tolerance for coercion

4.6 Summary

Chapter 5 Structural restrictions on the collocation of degree adverbs with verbs

5.1 Introduction

5.2 The word order and grammatical functions of degree adverbs with relevance tverbs

5.3 Case studies of collocations of degree adverbs with verb phrases in Chinese and their English equivalence

5.3.1 The collocation of degree adverbs with periphrastic causatives

5.3.1.1 Introduction

5.3.1.2 The semantic features of Chinese periphrastic constructions compatible with degree adverbs

5.3.1.3 A contrastive analysis of Chinese and English periphrastic causatives with regard to psychological verbs

5.3.1.4 A preliminary explanation of the collocation of degree adverbs with periphrastic constructions

5.3.2 The collocation of degree adverbs with modal auxiliary verbs

5.3.2.1 The definition and classification of modal auxiliary verbs

5.3.2.2 The difference between Chinese and English degree adverbs with 1egard to their collocability with modal auxiliaries

5.3.2.3 The semantics of Chinese modal auxiliaries and their collocation with degree adverbs

5.4 Summary

Chapter 6 Prosodic restrictions on the collocation of degree adverbs with verbs

6.1 Introduction

6.2 The interaction between rhythm and syntax in English and Chinese

6.3 The collocation of Chinese degree adverbs in terms of syllables

6.3.1 Findings from the corpus of LCMC

6.3.2 The choice of monosyllabic or disyllabic degree adverbs

6.3.3 The disyllabification of degree adverbs in Chinese

6.4 The addition and omission of function words

6.5 Prosodic restrictions on collocations of degree adverbs in English

6.6 A preliminary explanation of the different role of prosodic constraints on collocations in English and Chinese

6.7 Summary

Chapter 7 Conclusion

7.1 Summary of findings and discussion

7.2 Implications of this study

7.3 Limitations of this study

7.4 Suggestions for further research

References

Appendices

攻读博士学位期间发表的学术论文目录

程度副词与动词的搭配 ——基于语料库的英汉对比研究

论文摘要

论文目录

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