话语标记语在美国总统竞选辩论中的语用分析

论文摘要

话语标记语已成为近年来国内外会话分析语用研究中一个新的探讨课题,很多学者从不同的角度出发对其功能进行研究,总的来说,有三种不同的视角,即基于语法语用,认知语用和以连贯为中心的研究。然而至今为止,对于话语标记语的定义和分类一直没有达成共识,不同的研究流派从不同的角度提出其观点。本研究采用语言学顺应论为理论框架,顺应论强调语言是个不断选择的过程,因为语言具有变异性、商讨性和顺应性的特点。从语言顺应理论的角度来考察,话语标记语是语言使用者顺应语境的重要手段,而语境包括语言语境和交际语境,语言语境指的是语言发生时的局部和整个语篇的语言形式；而交际语境指的是交际发生时的物理世界,社交世界和心理世界。通过对前人研究的回顾,作者发现很多研究者运用顺应论来研究话语标记语,希望对语言现象的进一步研究有所贡献。本文将话语标记语放入辩论这一特定文体下对话语标记语进行了分析研究,在对话语标记语分类的基础上,分别讨论了为达到交际目的的辩论者在选择话语标记语时对听众的心理世界,辩论的物理世界以及社交世界等多种因素做出的动态顺应过程,进一步探讨了交际者在使用话语标记语过程中所体现出的元语用意识。在对话语标记语理论进行阐释的基础上,结合2004年布什和克里以及2008年奥巴马和麦凯恩的总统竞选辩论实例,通过对辩论中的话语标记语所产生的语用效果进行分析考察,揭示出总统辩论中话语标记语的显著特点和一般规律以及辩论者语言策略,从而使话语标记语理论更具有实践指导意义。

论文目录

• Abstract
• 摘要
• 1 Introduction
• 1.1 General remarks of discourse markers
• 1.2 The significance and purpose of the thesis
• 1.3 The structure of the thesis
• 2 Literature Review
• 2.1 The definitions of discourse markers
• 2.2 The features of discourse markers
• 2.3 Classifications of discourse markers
• 2.4 Three approaches to discourse markers
• 2.4.1 The coherence-based approach to discourse markers
• 2.4.2 The grammatical-pragmatic approach to discourse markers
• 2.4.3 The relevance-theoretic approach to discourse markers
• 2.5 Summary
• 3 Theoretical framework
• 3.1 A general introduction of adaptation theory
• 3.1.1 Making choices in language
• 3.1.2 Four angles of adaptation theory
• 3.2 Three properties of discourse markers
• 3.2.1 Variability of discourse markers
• 3.2.2 Negotiability of discourse markers
• 3.2.3 Adaptability of discourse markers
• 3.3 Adaptation model of discourse markers
• 4 Discourse markers in U.S. presidential debate from the perspective ofadaptation theory
• 4.1 Debate
• 4.2 Methodology and data collection
• 4.3 Classifications of discourse markers used in the six presidential debates 25
• 4.4 Discourse markers as adaptation to linguistic reality
• 4.4.1 Adaptation to be a signal of information receipt
• 4.4.2 Adaptation to be a signal of comments
• 4.4.3 Adaptation to be a signal of filler
• 4.5 Discourse markers adapting to social world
• 4.5.1 Adaptation to social conventions
• 4.5.2 Adaptation to politeness principle
• 4.6 Discourse markers adapting to psychological motivations
• 4.6.1 Discourse marker used as strategy to delay speech act
• 4.6.2 Adaptation to hedge-building
• 5 Pragmatic functions of discourse markers in U.S.presidential debate
• 5.1 Discourse markers as indicators of meta-pragmatic awareness
• 5.2 Pragmatic forces of discourse markers
• 5.2.1 Constructing discourse
• 5.2.2 Conveying communicative attitude
• 5.2.3 Improving interpersonal relationship
• 6 Conclusion
• 6.1 Major findings in the present study
• 6.2 Limitations of the study
• 6.3 Suggestions for further research
• Bibliography
• Acknowledgements
• 攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文