隐喻的评价功能

论文摘要

评价语言对人际关系的建立和维护起重要作用,表达说话者观点、态度和立场的评价系统成为人际语义学的重要组成部分。迄今为止,研究者将评价资源局限个别评价性词汇。然而,自从《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书发表以来,隐喻的认知特性逐渐得到认可,“人类的概念系统从根本上说是隐喻的”这一论断也被广泛接受。基于“隐喻是人类的经验基础”这一论断,本文以评价系统为框架研究了评价概念的隐喻构建,建立了隐喻实现评价功能的系统。隐喻的评价功能是由其本质决定的:隐喻概念域之间的互动性使人类可以通过具体事物认识抽象事物,并生动表达抽象事物。评价语言或许是人类交流中最复杂的,因为它表达的是抽象的人类情感、评判与鉴赏及其各个纬度。有了隐喻,我们可以通过具体的物体、空间方位或其它有清晰结构的事物来表达复杂的人类态度。态度的不同方面不仅可以被识别、提及,而且可以被描述、量化。同时,隐喻映射的部分性使得对事物的评价有突显与忽略。部分映射产生了格特力(1997:259)所称的“多样性”。多样性指的是一个概念可以通过多个不同的隐喻来理解,这不但为多角度认识事物提供可能,更成为级差的表达的理论依据。基于上文所述的隐喻的评价潜势,本文一方面探讨了情感、判断、鉴赏及其强度的构建,另一方面探讨了隐性态度的隐喻构建及其意识形态作用。通过对隐喻评价功能的研究,本文旨在建立一个系统,将看似混乱的隐喻表达组织起来,以发现评价性隐喻概念的模式,正如许多学者试图在情感、道德等领域找到隐喻模式一样。作者希望本研究能够对功能语言学领域的评价理论发展和认知语言学领域的隐喻应用都产生一定启示作用。

论文目录

• Abstract
• 摘要
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• Introduction
• Rationale and Significance of the Research
• Assumptions and Objectives
• Sources of Data
• Scope of Research and the Outline
• Chapter 1 Reviewing Previous Studies of Metaphor
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Classical vs. Cognitive
• 1.3 Key Concepts in the Cognitive Study of Metaphor
• 1.3.1 The Essence of Metaphor
• 1.3.2 The Partial Nature of Metaphorical Structuring
• 1.3.3 Classifying Metaphors
• 1.3.4 The Grounding of Metaphor
• 1.3.5 Metaphorical Coherence
• 1.4 Relevant Topics in Metaphor Study and Their Drawbacks
• 1.4.1 Studies of the Functions of Metaphor
• 1.4.2 Studies of Metaphorical Emotion Concepts
• 1.4.3 Studies of Metaphor and Morality
• 1.5 Summary
• Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework: Integrating Metaphor and Appraisal
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Appraisal System: an Overview
• 2.2.1 Attitude system
• 2.2.1.1 Affect
• 2.2.1.2 Judgment
• 2.2.1.3 Appreciation
• 2.2.2 Engagement system
• 2.2.3 Graduation System
• 2.3 The Evaluative Potential of Metaphor
• 2.4 Summary
• Chapter 3 Functions of Metaphor in Constructing Emotion Concepts
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Folk Theory vs. Expert Theory
• 3.3 Metaphor System of Emotion Concepts
• 3.4 The Metaphorical Construction of Love: a Case Study
• 3.4.1 Metaphors of Stage One
• 3.4.2 Metaphors of Stage Two
• 3.4.3 Metaphors of Stage Three
• 3.4.4 Metaphors of Stage Four
• 3.4.5 Metaphors of Stage Five
• 3.5 Summary
• Chapter 4 Functions of Metaphor in Constructing Judgment and Appreciation
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 The Metaphorical Construction of Judgment
• 4.2.1 Container Metaphor
• 4.2.2 Orientational Metaphor
• 4.2.3 Event Structure Metaphor
• 4.2.4 Metaphors of Human Beings
• 4.3 The Metaphorical Construction of Appreciation
• 4.3.1 Personification
• 4.3.2 The "Concrete Thing" Metaphor
• 4.4 Summary
• Chapter 5 Metaphorical Construction of Implied Attitude and Ideological Manipulation
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Implied Attitude: Provoking and Hiding
• 5.3 Partial Structuring and Biased Understanding
• 5.4 Presupposed Metaphor and Hidden Ideology
• 5.5 Summary
• Chapter 6 Functions of Metaphor in Constructing Intensification
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Cross-domain Mapping
• 6.2.1 Overview
• 6.2.2 Amount
• 6.2.3 Presence
• 6.2.4 Extent
• 6.3 Metaphorical Diversification
• 6.3.1 Overview
• 6.3.2 Isolation
• 6.3.3 Infusion
• 6.4 Summary
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Acknowledgements
• 学位论文评阅及答辩情况表