试论中美跨文化交际中的面子问题

论文摘要

随着全球化的进程和科技的进步,人与人间的交往更方便,跨文化交流变得愈发频繁。但由于文化习俗的差异,不同地域的人在交流中会遭遇文化冲突,影响正常的沟通。大师胡文仲在其著作中归纳了跨文化交际的三大障碍：认识上的误区、刻板印象和民族中心主义（1999：177-183）。面子是文化的一个重要表现,它对人们之间的交往有很大的影响。中美著名学者,例如胡先缙、Goffman等,对面子问题做出了深入的研究并且罗列出许多关于“面子”的用语。然而中美的文化不同他们的面子也不一样,在人际交往中对面子的处理更是绝不苟同。学者们研究发现中国的文化以集体主义为主,美国以个人主义为主。对中美热播连续剧《国家机密》和《反恐24小时VI》的片段的分析进一步证实了这一点。集体主义为主的中国人爱面子,日常作为时时以面子为准则,人际交往要顾及彼此的面子以形成一个和谐的关系。崇尚个人主义的美国人虽然也注重面子,但是他们更强调个人独立和平等,在交往中常常是就事论事,直抒己见,即使语言冲突也不为忤。在了解这些差异后,本文通过剖析中美人士日常交往实例,发现面子观是如何影响跨文化交往和引起冲突,并给出自己的建议。

论文目录

• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• 中文摘要
• ABSTRACT
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Ⅰ.Introduction
• 1.1 Background Information
• 1.2 Research Purposes and Significance
• 1.2.1 "Face" in Chinese and American Cultures
• 1.2.2 Importance of Face in Cross-cultural Communication
• 1.2.3 Advice on Face Problems in Cross-cultural Communication
• 1.3 Organization of the Thesis
• Ⅱ.Literature Review —Essential Reasons for Culture Shocks in International Communication
• 2.1 Theoretical frameworks
• 2.1.1 The Cognitive Error
• 2.1.2 Stereotypes
• 2.1.3 Ethnocentrism
• 2.2 Differences between Chinese and American Cultures
• 2.2.1 Concept of Culture
• 2.2.2 Chinese Culture
• 2.2.3 American Culture
• 2.2.4 Culture Differences and Their Shock in Communication
• Ⅲ."Face" in China and America
• 3.1 "Face" in China
• 3.1.1 What is Face
• 3.1.2 The Quality of Face
• 3.1.3 The Popular Chinese Phrases and Expressions on the Face
• 3.2 "Face"in America
• 3.2.1 Goffman's Definition
• 3.2.2 Brown and Levisnson's Definition
• 3.2.3 Yule's Definition
• Ⅳ.Methods and procedures
• 4.1 Sample Research
• 4.1.1 Research on Face Problems in Chinese Communication
• 4.1.2 Research on Face Problems in American Communication
• 4.2 The Collision on Face in Communication between the Chinese and Americans
• 4.2.1 To Keep Face and Not To keep Face
• Ⅴ Discussion—The Analysis of the Cases—To Keep Face or Not To Keep Face
• 5.1 Case One—Harmony and Keep Face
• 5.2 Case Two—In-Groups and Taking the Responsibility
• 5.3 Case Three—Understatement and Dissonance
• Ⅵ.Conclusions
• 6.1 Suggestions on How to Solve the Face Problems
• 6.1.1 Face the Cultural Differences and Shock Intellectually
• 6.1.2 Be Sensitive with the Context and the Cultural Differences
• 6.1.3 Accept the Cultural Differences and Be Considerate
• 6.2 Summary
• Bibliography