Electrical Power System Losses

论文摘要

The term Electrical Power System Losses is not easy to define. Meanwhile we categorize losses into two different types. Technical and non technical. Event if this work is mainly based on technical losses, it is necessary to understand the meaning of both. Energy losses occur in the process of supplying electricity to consumers due to technical and non technical or commercial losses. The technical losses are due to energy dissipated in the conductors and equipment used for transmission, transformation, sub- transmission and distribution of power. These technical losses are inherent in a system and can be reduced to an optimum level. The losses can be further sub grouped depending upon the stage of power transformation & transmission system as Transmission Losses（500kV/220kV/110kV/66kV）, as Sub transmission losses, and Distribution losses （below 500KV/220KV, 110KV/66KV）. The commercial losses are caused by pilferage, defective meters, and errors in meter reading and in estimating unmetered supply of energy. This work is based on the analysis of losses, methods of losses minimization or reduction, and loss allocation method to different customers. Finally it present the use of PSS/E （ Power System Simulation and Engineering） for the reduction of losses.

论文目录

• DECLARATION
• CERTIFICATION
• DEDICATION
• ABSTRACT
• CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
• CHAPTER TWO ANALYSIS OF LOSSES IN POWER SYSTEMS
• 2.1 Non-technical losses
• 2.2 Technical losses in power system
• 2.2.1 Types of technical losses
• 2.2.1.1 Copper Losses
• 2.2.1.2 Dielectric Losses
• 2.2.1.3 Induction /Radiation Losses
• 2.2.1.4 Transformer Losses
• 2.2.1.5 Copper Loss
• 2.2.1.6 Eddy-Current Loss
• 2.2.1.7 Hysteresis Loss
• 2.2.2 Factors influencing system losses
• 2.2.2.1 Circulating current
• 2.2.2.2 Voltage regulation
• 2.2.2.3 Phase balancing
• 2.2.2.4 Power factor
• CHAPTER THREE MODEL OF LOSS MINIMIZATION IN POWER SYSTEM
• 3.1 Optimization model for loss minimization in deregulated power distribution network
• 3.1.1 Transformers:
• 3.1.2 Power factor correction
• 3.1.3 Reducing conductor losses
• 3.1.4 Reducing forced outages and stabilizing line voltage
• 3.2 Loss minimization in distribution networks with multiple loads scenarios
• 3.2.1 Methodology
• 3.2.1.1 Single configuration
• 3.2.1.2 Multiple configuration solution
• 3.3 Losses Minimization in power systems Using artificial Neural Networks
• 3.4 Loss reduction in distribution system: A new approach using partitioning techniques
• 3.5 A Novel Method for Loss Minimization in Distribution Networks
• 3.6 Improve Method for Loss Minimization in Distribution Networks
• 3.7 A Simple Distribution Reconfiguration Algorithm for loss Minimization
• 3.8 Computer software systems and models
• 3.9 Loss Minimization in Load Flow Simulation in Power system
• 3.9.1 Newton-Raphson Load flow Analysis
• CHAPTER FOUR LOSS ALLOCATION
• 4.1 Loss Adjust Factor
• 4.2 Bilateral contract
• 4.3 Incremental transmission loss allocation
• 4.4 An approach to allocate real power losses of transm ission lines to individual loads
• 4.5 Allocation of real power losses
• 4.6 Transmission loss Allocation: A comparison of different practical algorithms
• 4.6.1 Pro rata techniques（PR）
• 4.6.2 Marginal procedures
• 4.6.3 Proportional sharing procedures
• 4.7 Allocating Distribution losses to customers Using Distribution Loss Factors
• 4.8 Succinct Method for Allocation of Network losses
• 4.9 Allocation of Distribution System Losses to Consumers in Deregulated electricity supply industries
• 4.9.1 Description of the method
• 4.9.1.1 Calculation of losses by load flow study
• 4.9.1.2 Construction of the direct graph of the network
• 4.9.1.3 Assignement of potentials to the directed graph
• 4.1.9.4 Allocation of losses using the directed graph
• CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION
• APPENDIX
• Appendix 1
• Appendix 2
• Appendix 3
• Appendix 4
• REFERENCES