Application of Slutsky Approach to Universal Service in Telecommunication

论文摘要

Universal Service is as old as the history of telecommunications. At the start of this century it was meant by the interconnection but after the passage of time it had changed its meaning. The present concept of the Universal Service came in picture in the mid of this century. In many countries of the world Universal Service Fund Programs were formed. These US Funds were actually indirect taxation on the consumers of the low cost areas. It is not justified to subsidize the high cost area consumers at the cost of low cost area consumers. This type of the practice is not justified by Economics.Commodity taxation causes the consumer to alter his utility as he is worse off and he will consume less of taxed good and will substitute this taxed commodity with untaxed commodity. It creates deadweight loss. Whereas by implementing the General tax there is no dead weight loss. If the tax is necessary then it should be General tax so as to reduce the community loss or consumer welfare.

论文目录

• ABSTRACT
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• Chapter 1:Literature Review
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Competition
• 1.3 Cross subsidies
• 1.4 Consumer welfare
• 1.5 Rural subsidies
• 1.6 Economist's perspectives on Universal Service
• Chapter 2:Introduction
• 2.1 Objective of the Dissertation
• 2.2 Definitions of the Universal Service
• 2.2.1 Defined by ITU
• 2.2.2 Defined by FCC
• 2.2.3 Defined by European Union
• 2.3 History of the Universal Service
• 2.3.1 Theodore Veil Concept
• 2.3.2 Willis-Graham Act 1921
• 2.3.3 The Communication Act of 1934
• 2.3.4 Telecommunication Act of 1996
• 2.4 Formation of Universal Service Fund
• 2.5 Funding Mechanism
• 2.5.1 Who gets Funds?
• 2.5.2 Funding not by General Tax
• Chapter 3:Failure of Universal Service Fund Programs in United States of America
• 3.1 Analysis of current situation
• 3.1.1 Telephone Penetration Rate by Income
• 3.1.2 Overall Household Telephone Penetration
• 3.1.3 Telephone Penetration in High Cost Areas
• 3.2 Impact of cable telephony
• 3.3 Impact of Commercial Mobile Radio Services（CMRS）
• 3.4 Concluding Remarks
• Chapter 4:Universal Service Regime in United Kingdom
• 4.1 Background
• 4.1.1 Telecommunication Act 1984
• 4.1.2 Office of Communications（OFCOM）
• 4.1.3 The Electronic Communications（Universal Service）Order 2003
• 4.2 Scope of Universal Service
• 4.2.1 Payphones
• 4.2.2 Use of Mobile
• 4.2.3 Broadband Obligations
• 4.3 Objective of Universal Service
• 4.4 Universal Service Methodology
• 4.4.1 Special low cost schemes
• 4.4.2 Public call boxes
• 4.4.3 Services for customers with disabilities
• 4.4.4 Providing a phone line
• 4.5 Concluding remarks
• Chapter 5:Universal Service Regime in Developing Countries
• 5.1 CHINA
• 5.1.1 Introduction
• 5.1.2 Trend in Telecommunication Development
• 5.1.3 Development in Wireless Technology
• 5.1.4 Development in Rural Areas
• 5.1.5 Telecommunication Law
• 5.2 INDIA
• 5.2.1 Introduction
• 5.2.2 Telecommunication Development
• 5.2.3 Universal Access through VPTs（Village Public Telephone）
• 5.2.4 Development in Cellular Network
• 5.3 PAKISTAN
• 5.3.1 Introduction
• 5.3.2 Background
• 5.3.3 Goals for Universal Service
• 5.3.4 Development in Telecommunication Sector
• Chapter 6:Theoratical Framework
• 6.1 Effect of taxes
• 6.2 Mathematical Explanation
• 6.2.1 Mathematical Evaluation of Income Effect
• 6.3 Dead Weight Loss from Commodity Taxation
• 6.3.1 Measuring dead weight loss using Equivalent Variation:
• 6.3.2 Measuring dead weight loss using Compensating Variation:
• Chapter 7:Alternatives to the Universal Service Fund Programs
• 7.1 Cross subsidization
• 7.2 Commercial mobile and radio services（CMRS）
• 7.3 Introduction of Competition
• 7.4 Cable telephony
• Chapter 8:Research Contribution and Conclusion
• Appendix A:References
• Appendix B:Different measurement of demand
• Appendix C:Published Papers