预设，认知语境和阅读理解

论文摘要

阅读理解是对语篇的理解,是作者与读者进行交际的一种书面方式,阅读的目的是获得作者所表达的话外意义,即交际意义和交际意图,因此阅读的实质是推理,是一种认知的语用推理过程,是一种对作者的意图的推理,是读者根据最佳关联的原则在认知语境的作用下通过推理取得话语的交际意义。在对语篇交际意义的推理中,关联理论中的明示-推理模式是在批判继承了语码模式和推理模式的基础上提出的合理的语用推理模式。在这个过程中,明示是从说话者的角度来说的,推理是从听话者的角度来说的。而推理就是寻找语境与话语的关联性的过程,最佳关联即话语与语境的最佳关联,关联涉及到最大的语境效果和最小的认知努力,是与人的认知有关的,传统的语境观已被证实存有不合理性,在明示-推理交际过程中体现的语境是交际双方的认知语境,认知语境是内在化了、认知化了的一个人对世界的假设,这些假设以心理表征的方式存储在头脑中,当交际时,双方的认知语境要形成互明,说话者要根据他对听话者认知语境做出的假设,以选择合适的语言形式。预设是指说话人在说话之前头脑中预先设定已经存在的东西,是说话人对听话人认知语境的一种假设,语用预设对认知语境的构建起着作用,语用预设与认知语境形成了密切的关系。在对书面语篇进行阅读时,我们可以把语用预设与认知语境运用到阅读理解教学中可以挖掘出话语深层次的含义推导出潜在的意义,从而有助于理解作者的写作意图,提高对阅读的理解能力。阅读理解在英语学习者中存在重要性,在阅读理解中,语言推理能力的提高具有关键性的作用,本文作者通过实例论证了预设、认知语境在阅读理解推理中的作用,因此本文的研究对教学的意义是一定程度上提高学习者的语用推理能力。

论文目录

• Acknowledgements
• 中文摘要
• Abstract
• 前言
• Chapter One Introduction
• Chapter Two Reading comprehension and relevance theory
• 2.1 The nature of reading comprehension
• 2.1.1 Reading comprehension as a kind of communication activity
• 2.1.2 Reading comprehension as a pragmatic inferring process
• 2.2 Relevance Theory
• 2.2.1 Ostensive-inference
• 2.2.2 The cognitive context in the Relevance Theory
• Chapter Three Cognitive context and reading comprehension
• 3.1 The contributive effect of cognitive context on reading comprehension
• 3.2 The restrictive/constrictive effect of cognitive context on reading comprehension 15 Chapter Four Presupposition and cognitive context
• Chapter Four Presupposition and cognitive context
• 4.1 The historical background of presupposition
• 4.1.1 The semantic presupposition
• 4.1.2 The pragmatic presuppositions
• 4.2 Pragmatic presupposition in the construction of optimal communicative context
• 4.2.1 Presupposition as common knowledge
• 4.2.2 Presuppositions as felicity conditions
• 4.2.3 Global cancellation of presupposition and context
• 4.2.4 Context selection and presupposition
• 4.3 Pragmatic presuppositions in the construction of the cognitive context
• 4.3.1 Pragmatic presuppositions and human cognition
• 4.3.2 The interaction between the pragmatic presupposition and the cognitive context
• Chapter Five Inference concerning pragmatic presupposition and cognitive context in reading comprehension
• 5.1 The code model and its limits
• 5.2 The ostensive--inferential model in reading comprehension
• 5.2.1 Ostension on the part of the writer
• 5.2.2 Inference on the part of the reader
• 5.3 Applying pragmatic presupposition and cognitive context to reading comprehension
• Chapter Six Conclusion
• References