论文摘要
本研究从社会语言学和语用学角度对汉语抱怨会话中的情感话语进行会话分析,以探究情感话语在交际中的特征、表现,及其与框架和立场密不可分的关系。本研究中的情感话语指含有情感信息的话语,既包括明确指示情感的情感语言,也包括隐含表达情感的情感性语言。情感话语是人类交际的必要组成部分。任何会话中都可能有潜在的情感话语,交际者通过情感话语来施行各种言语行为。因此,语言和情感的关系已经引起多方学者的关注,主要涵盖认知语言学、语言人类学、心理语言学、社会语言学、计算语言学、语用学等多个领域。具体来说,认知语言学主要通过分析隐喻和转喻来探讨人类身体经验塑造情感概念的方式;语言人类学致力于不同语言和文化背景下情感表达的对比研究;心理语言学侧重情感语言在儿童时期的发展和语言在习得过程中如何构建情感等课题;社会语言学强调在实证调查基础上探究使用情感语言的社会经验;计算语言学关注情感话语语料库的建立以及自然语言处理中情感在话语或文本中的识别、分类和解释;语用学探讨的主题包括不同背景的交际者如何施行隐性表达情感的言语行为、说话者如何在会话中目的性地使用情感话语以及听话者如何理解这些情感话语等。上述研究中,情感话语多被看作一种受语境因素(如说话主体、客体、情景、语域等)制约的社会文化语言现象。前人关于情感话语的研究颇丰,却鲜有成果将情感话语结合框架和立场进行分析。事实上,我们从各种语境中都能发现,情感话语在会话和文本中与框架和立场有着密切联系,对参与者理解自身所处的交际情境起着重要作用。情感话语作为一种兼具交流和人际功能的社会言语行为,是构建框架和表达立场不可或缺的语言手段。在本研究中,框架指交际者在谈话过程中对所涉言行的主观解释和思考。构架是指建构框架的动态过程,其本质是一种趋同或者趋异的评价性行为,与表达立场的评价、定位、比较(趋同或趋异)三个方面是一致的。情感话语在会话中通过立场表达来建构特定框架,是交际者协商社会关系和文化立场的重要途径。同时,“立场总是明确或隐含地激发预设的社会文化价值系统”(Du Bois,2007,p.173)。因此,会话参与者的社会文化价值可以通过其在对话交流中所采取的立场得以体现。另外,风格和社会身份也是立场的两种表现形式。交际者的风格由其所持有的更小单位和更多变体的立场组成,而社会身份则被看作是“长期所持立场的累积”(Jaffe,2009a, p.11)在Bateson(1972)和Goffman(1974,1981)的框架理论以及Du Bois(2007)立场理论的基础上,本文主要有四个研究目标:(a)探讨情感话语在汉语抱怨会话中的四个重要方面,即语言触发语、基本特征、说话人使用情感话语的策略及其语用功能;(b)通过分析汉语会话中的抱怨听话者、抱怨第三方、自我抱怨、复述抱怨四种不同框架中的情感话语,探究情感话语通过立场表达和风格转换构建框架的方式;(c)研究汉语抱怨会话中说话者如何策略地、有意地运用情感话语表达特定立场和感情,以及听话者如何理解这些情感话语中的隐含意义;(d)分析汉语抱怨会话中风格和社会身份共同构建立场的方式及三者之间的指示关系。为了说明上述问题,本文选取抱怨会话中存在的大量情感话语作为特定分析对象。所用语料采集自一部中文电视剧和两个中文电视节目,包括33个不同情景和社会关系中的对话片段。鉴于会话分析在考察话语序列性和交际性方面的优势,本文将结合立场的三个方面,即对立场客体的评价(客观性)、说话主体的定位(主观性)和会话者间定位的比较(主体间性),对汉语抱怨言语行为中的情感话语进行会话分析。经过对语料较为深入的分析,本文发现汉语抱怨会话中有七种常见的触发情感话语语言手段,分别为否定语、违背话轮组织规则(话轮中断和话轮重叠)、反问句、反讽、元语用评价语、不当人称指示词、詈骂语。本文还从负面感情可推性、负面态度表达、面子威胁性三个方面考察了汉语抱怨会话中情感话语的基本特征,研究了说话人为实现各种交际目的而常用的话语策略,包括反问、回声表达、指示语、一致性前置和差异性后置。同时,本文归纳了汉语抱怨会话中策略性使用情感话语的四种主要语用功能,即博取同情和支持、表达立场和身份、给听者施压(激发或抑制听者的行为)、舒缓气氛。此外,本文揭示了情感话语的互动使用对立场表达和抱怨框架建构的重要作用,阐述了说话者在情感话语的使用中通过对比抱怨客体和其他会话主体进行适当自我定位的现象,说明了会话参与者在抱怨过程中可以策略性地协商其立场和社会关系。在此过程中,参与者的社会身份也在立场选择和风格转换中得到彰显。本研究既非全面性,亦非决定性,却可以作为认知和理解情感话语通过立场表达来构建不同框架的基础,并且强调了情感话语的社会性和人际性本质。前人研究主要集中于英语语境中的情感话语,本文对汉语抱怨会话中情感话语的分析能够对其进行有益补充。尽管本研究结果并不适用于各种框架中的情感话语,但它提供了两种探讨情感话语、框架、立场关系的方式:自下而上式(如本文对汉语抱怨会话中情感话语的微观语言分析)和自上而下式(如本文从更广阔的社会文化意识角度解读汉语抱怨会话中的情感话语)
论文目录
摘要ABSTRACTTable of ContentsList of TablesList of FiguresChapter One Introduction1.1 Rationale of the Study1.2 Objectives of the Study1.3 Data and Methodology1.3.1 Criteria for Selecting Data1.3.1.1 Emotion Talks and Emotional Talks1.3.1.2 Complaining1.3.2 Data Collection and Description1.3.3 Method for Analysis1.4 Overview of the Chapters1.5 SummaryChapter Two Literature Review2.1 Introduction2.2 Approaches to the Study of Language and Emotion2.2.1 The Cognitive Linguistic Approach2.2.2 The Linguistic Anthropological Approach2.2.3 The Psycholinguistic Approach2.2.4 The Sociolinguistic Approach2.2.5 The Computational Linguistic Approach2.2.6 The Pragmatic Approach2.3 Theories about Framing2.3.1 Bateson's Framing Theory2.3.2 Goffman's Framing Theory2.3.2.1 Footing2.3.2.2 Framing2.3.3 The Interactions between Interactive Frames and Knowledge Schemas2.4 Realm of the Stance Studies2.4.1 Definitions of Stance2.4.2 Types of Stance2.4.3 The Lexico-grammatical Studies of Stance2.4.4 The Sociolinguistic Studies of Stance2.4.5 The Pragmatic Studies of Stance2.5 Complaint Research2.5.1 Complaint Research Abroad2.5.1.1 Relevant Research on Emotions in Complaints2.5.1.2 Other Enlightening Research on Complaints2.5.2 Complaint Research in China2.6 SummaryChapter Three Theoretical Framework3.1 Introduction3.2 The Social Dimensions of Emotional Utterances3.2.1 The Social Nature of Emotions3.2.2 Emotional Utterances as Social Acts3.3 Framing:An Evaluative Act of Alignment or Disalignment3.4 Stancetaking:Evaluation, Positioning, and Alignment3.4.1 Some Preliminary Remarks on Stance3.4.2 Principles of Stance3.4.3 Contextualization of Stance3.4.4 Du Bois's Stance Triangle3.5 Style and Social Identity as Patterns of Stance3.5.1 Style as A Pattern of Stance3.5.1.1 The Traditional Sociolinguistic View about Style3.5.1.2 A New Sociolinguistic Perspective on Affinities between Style and Stance3.5.1.3 Indexing Social Identities in Terms of Style and Style-shifting3.5.2 Social Identity:Cumulation of Stances3.5.2.1 Definition and Features of Social Identity3.5.2.2 Nature of Social Identity3.5.2.3 Indexical Relationships between Stances and Social Identities3.6 Linking Emotional Utterances and Frames via the Work of Stancetaking3.7 SummaryChapter Four Aspects of Emotional Utterances in Chinese Complaint Conversations4.1 Introduction4.2 Linguistic Triggers to Emotional Utterances in Chinese Complaint Conversations4.2.1 Rejections4.2.2 Breakdowns in Turn-taking Organization4.2.3 Rhetorical Questions4.2.4 Irony4.2.5 Metapragmatic Comments4.2.6 Inappropriate Person-referring Expressions4.2.7 Profanity4.3 Essential Features of Emotional Utterances in Chinese Complaint Conversations4.3.1 Negative Emotion Inferability4.3.2 Attitudinal Negativity4.3.3 Face-threatening Effect4.4 Discursive Strategies for Making Emotional Utterances in Chinese ComplaintConversations4.4.1 Rhetorical Questions4.4.2 Echoic expressions4.4.3 Deictic Expressions4.4.4 Projected Alignments and Delayed Disalignments4.5 Functions of Strategic Use of Emotional Utterances in Chinese Complaint Conversations4.5.1 Appealing for Sympathy and Support4.5.2 Projecting Stances and Identities4.5.3 Putting Pressure on the Hearer(s)4.5.3.1 Motivating the Hearer(s) to Do Something4.5.3.2 Making the Hearer(s) Refrain from Doing Something4.5.4 Mitigation4.6 SummaryChapter Five Emotional Utterances in the Construction of Complaint Frame via Stancetaking5.1 Introduction5.2 Emotional Utterances in Framing Complaints about the Recipient(s)5.2.1 Directing Complaints Explicitly to the Recipient(s)5.2.2 Directing Complaints Implicitly to the Recipient(s)5.3 Emotional Utterances in Framing Third-party Complaints5.3.1 Expressing Alignments with the Complaints5.3.2 Expressing Disalignments with the Complaints5.4 Emotional Utterances in Framing Self-complaints5.4.1 Sincere Self-complaints5.4.2 Insincere Self-complaints5.5 Emotional Utterances in Framing Reproduced Complaints5.5.1 Reproduction of Speakers' Own Complaints5.5.2 Reproduction of Complaints Directed towards the Speakers5.5.3 Reproduction of Overheard Complaints5.6 Emotional Utterances in the Construction of Complaint Frame via Style-shifting5.7 SummaryChapter Six Conclusion6.1 Introduction6.2 Major Findings of the Study6.3 Significance of the Study6.4 Limitations of the Study6.5 Directions for Future ResearchAPPENDIX Ⅰ Emotion Labels Explicitly Considered by Different Authors as RepresentingSocial EmotionsAPPENDIXⅡ Features of Thirty-two Emotion Speech DatabasesAPPENDIX Ⅲ Data ListAPPENDIX Ⅳ Transcription ConventionsBIBLIOGRAPHYACKNOWLEDGMENT
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标签:情感话语论文; 框架论文; 立场论文; 风格论文; 社会身份论文; 抱怨论文;