论文摘要
堕胎争议在美国由来已久。1973年之前,堕胎问题经历了从非法到合法化的两个阶段。堕胎问题发展的每一个历史时期都见证了美国妇女自我意识的觉醒,也见证了她们为自身福祉而奋斗的艰辛。然而,反对者认为堕胎是不道德的。正反双方的矛盾观点最终被扩大,从而形成了美国的堕胎政治。美国联邦最高法院的几个典型案例折射出堕胎政治发展的几个阶段;此外,因为堕胎争议分裂并引发了美国各政府部门在选举、制定公共政策、官员任命等方面的一系列矛盾,堕胎政治呈现出更加多元化、复杂化的特征。分析堕胎政治背后的政治行为、利益冲突,本文认为堕胎政治不仅是美国妇女运动以来女权政治的一部分,它更是美国政治文化传统的产物。在思想根源上它是美国两大政治思想---自由主义与保守主义冲突与妥协的产物;它自身反映了个人主义、自由、平等价值观在不同利益集团中的演绎。在父权语境之下,堕胎政治更多地承担了一种媒介作用,成为政治家们玩弄权术的介质;而作为与堕胎直接相关的妇女,虽然她们在争取自由、平等、独立上不断努力,但是在父权社会政治的环境下,她们在堕胎政治中的呼声很容易被淹没,因此是否能够获得完全自由的堕胎权利还很难预料。第一章简要介绍从1973年至今堕胎政治的形成。第二章主要讨论各政府部门在堕胎政治中的政治行为。第三章详细分析了堕胎政治的实质和根源。
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