论文摘要
美国慈善基金会作为一支重要的非政府组织,在美国公民社会中发挥着重要的作用。作为政府在公共治理领域的重要补充力量,美国慈善基金会在老龄化、住房、教育、医疗保健、环境保护和灾害求助等诸多社会领域都具有重要的影响。虽然慈善基金会并不是美国社会的特有产物,但是美国慈善基金会的规模和影响力在世界上是不可比拟的。美国慈善基金会发展的原因有很多,这些原因被见证于基金会发展的各个阶段,其中有些原因甚至可以追溯到殖民地时期。在过去的一百多年中,美国的慈善基金会经历了漫长曲折的发展道路,从最初的“准备期”到“形成期”,再到后来的“曲折发展期”,最后达到现阶段的“繁荣发展阶段”。在其整个发展过程中,基督教信仰特别是清教伦理为早期慈善的发展奠定了坚实的思想基础。而繁荣的经济一方面造就了大批“自我实现”的兼具成功商人和伟大慈善家双重身份的人,另一方面也为慈善基金会的发展提供了雄厚的物质财富基础。在美国慈善基金会的发展过程中,来自政府和社会各方面的批评与指责之声不绝于耳。事实上,这些批评和随之而来的调查一方面强化了对基金会各方面的监督,另一方面也促进了基金会本身运作管理的改善。在调查过程中出台的系列立法从长远上保证了基金会的健康发展。美国慈善基金会的发展经验对中国慈善基金会的发展有着重要的借鉴意义。虽然与美国相比,中国慈善基金会刚刚处于起步阶段,但是两者的发展过程有很多相似之处。因此,美国基金会的发展经验对中国有很重要的借鉴意义,比如,在通过立法来加强政府和社会公众对基金会的监督方面,在建立基金会的行业协会方面,以及在基金会的内部运作管理方面等,我们都可以借鉴美国的宝贵经验。然而中美之间毕竟有着显著的不同,其中最主要的不同体现于公民社会传统。美国具有发达的公民社会,而美国慈善基金会深深地根植于这种鼓励自由结社的公民社会传统;而中国却是一个有着长期封建社会传统的国家,这种社会传统之内是禁止自由结社的。从这个意义上说,虽然中国已经制定了一些鼓励慈善基金会发展的立法措施,但是在一定时期之内对基金会的管理还是会相当严格的。尽管如此,从长远发展角度来看,中国慈善基金会的繁荣发展必将推动中国真正的公民社会的发展。
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