商务合同中的歧义现象及消除方法

论文摘要

歧义在语言交流过程中随处可见,古今中外各个语言学家都对这一现象提出了各自的独到的见解。特别是在古希腊,语言学研究比较发达的阶段,无论是哲学家还是语言学家都提出了相应的歧义理论。直到当代,尤其被誉为句法理论奠基人的美国语言学家Chomsky更把歧义的分析与研究应用在实际的句法构成当中,使分散的歧义理论更加的系统化。除此之外,在中国诞生出诸如赵元任、邱述德、朱德熙等研究这一理论的许多语言学家,在他们的努力下,歧义理论走出了英语这一单一语言范畴,进入了汉语语言结构的分析,无疑是一个伟大的创举。特别是近年来,歧义研究理论的兴起与应用正以新的视角如火如荼的展开,涉及的领域已经走出了纯语言的环境。文化、经济,以及科技等诸多方面都有歧义的应用实例。本文以语用学中各个语言学家提出的不同的歧义理论来分析研究商务合同写作过程中产生的歧义现象,旨在通过若干实例的定性分析,来揭示歧义这一语言现象,同时,就这一语言现象提出若干的消除方法。因此,立足于这一理论,本文首先从语言学的角度剖析产生歧义的背景和原因；其次,分析合同这一特殊的契约工具的文体特点及历史作用；以上述两大理论依据,研究合同撰写过程中会出现哪些歧义现象。由于商务合同门类繁多,出现的歧义现象也是千差万别,分类分析是本文使用的一项重要的分析方法。最后,作者针对不同的歧义现象,采取不同的解决方法来消除歧义现象,从而增强合同的法律效力,避免不必要的违约上经济风险。

论文目录

• Acknowledgements
• Abstract
• 摘要
• Chapter 1 Introduction
• 1.1 General Description of the Study
• 1.2 Significance of the Study
• 1.3 Purpose of the Study
• 1.4 Overall Structure of the Thesis
• Chapter 2 Literature Review
• 2.1 Definition and Explanation of Ambiguity
• 2.1.1 A Historical Perspective of Ambiguity
• 2.1.2 Definitions of Ambiguity
• 2.1.3 Features of Ambiguity
• 2.1.4 Ambiguity at Various Levels
• 2.1.4.1 Phonetic or PhonologicaI Ambiguity
• 2.1.4.2 Lexical Ambiguity
• 2.1.4.3 Syntactic Ambiguity
• 2.1.4.4 Pragmatic Ambiguity
• 2.2 Overview of Business Contract
• 2.2.1 Definition of Business Contract
• 2.2.2 Classification of Business Contract
• 2.2.3 Provisions and Legal Elements of Business Contract
• 2.2.4 Structural Characteristics of Business Contract
• 2.2.5 Language Features of Business Contract
• 2.2.5.1 Wording and Expression
• 2.2.5.2 Sentence Structure
• 2.2.5.3 Tense
• Chapter 3 Methodology of the Study
• 3.1 Design of the Study
• 3.2 Research Question
• 3.3 Source of Data
• 3.4 The Tool for the Analysis of Data
• 3.5 Results of Data Analysis
• 3.6 Summary
• Chapter 4 Ambiguity in Business Contraet and Disambiguation Strategies
• 4.1 Ambiguity in Business Contract
• 4.1.1 Ambiguity of Phrasal Adjective
• 4.1.2 Ambiguity of Finite and Infinite Subordinate Clauses
• 4.1.3 Ambiguity of the Negative Sentence with the Causative Clause
• 4.1.4 Ambiguity of Reference
• 4.1.4.1 Selective Ambiguity of Reference
• 4.1.4.2 Multiple Ambiguity of Reference
• 4.1.5 Ambiguity of Post-modifiers
• 4.1.5.1 Single Selective Modifiers
• 4.1.5.2 Multiple Selective Modifiers
• 4.1.6 Ambiguity of Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases
• 4.1.6.1 Squinting Modifiers and Adverbial Phrases
• 4.1.6.2 Dangling Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases
• 4.1.6.3 Ambiguity of the Adverb"Only"
• 4.1.7 Ambiguity of Prepositions
• 4.1.8 Ambiguity of Pre-modifiers
• 4.1.8.1 Single Selective Pre-modifiers
• 4.1.8.2 Multiple Selective Pre-modifiers
• 4.2 Rules of Drafting Business Contracts
• 4.3 Strategies of Disambiguation Based on the Rules
• 4.3.1 Phrasal Adjective
• 4.3.2 Definite and Indefinite Subordinate Clause
• 4.3.3 Causative Clause behind A Negation Sentence
• 4.3.4 Post-modifiers
• 4.3.4.1 Modification of All Antecedents
• 4.3.4.2 Modification of the Last Antecedent
• 4.3.5 Adverb and Adverbial Phrase
• 4.3.6 Pre-modifiers
• 4.4 Summary
• Chapter 5 Conclusion
• 5.1 Major Findings
• 5.2 Limitations of the Study
• 5.3 Suggestions for Further Researches
• References
• Appendix