论文摘要
英国是传统意义上的非移民国家,但由于近年来困扰英国的人口老龄化、人口出生率日趋下降以及高技术人才短缺等一系列问题,英国急需大规模的高技术人才。1997年工党政府执政后,英国移民政策发生了显著变化。英国官方认为,大规模移民对英国经济繁荣是必要的,对社会也是有益的。过去十年中,移民进入英国的人口总数与移民出境者总数之差大约为300万。本文在搜集整理最新相关材料的基础上,分析了1997年以来英国移民政策变化的实际意义。第一章初步评价了当代国际移民研究的主要理论,即新古典经济均衡理论,历史—结构主义理论,劳动市场分割理论(双重劳动市场理论)以及移民系统理论,概括介绍了英国成为20世纪以来主要移民国家的因素。接着本文简要回顾了英国移民历史,分析了二战后至1997年英国移民政策的演变历程,即英国的移民政策以包容开始,在经历了包容与排斥的徘徊之后,最后以排斥告终,具有明显的种族歧视色彩。但随着全球经济政治的发展以及英国国内具体现状,1997年工党政府执政后,主要在劳动力迁移政策方面,出台一系列放宽原有限制移民的政策,人口流入量显著增大。但随着欧盟扩大,英国外来移民数量大幅增加,给国内公共服务部门造成很大压力,引发了英国社会各界对政府移民政策的关注。工党政府转而逐步采取相应的紧缩移民政策,如对新移民采取新的五级计分制度。新的五级计分制度以申请移民者的专业能力和技术水平以及英国劳务市场的需求为计分标准,科学家和企业家等高技能移民将得到优先考虑,护士、教师和工程师等技术劳工次之。新的移民政策对英国的经济产生了很大影响,既有积极的影响,如增加财政收入、提供便利的劳动力供应。也有消极的影响,如对本土国民的就业和竞争压力加大等。本文第二、三两章着重对上述1997年以来工党政府移民政策变化及其经济影响进行了分析和阐释。第四章以工党政府对欧盟移民,尤其是东欧移民政策的变化,即由之前的“门户开放政策”到逐步实施严格控制,具体论述了1997年以来英国移民政策的实质—包容与排斥并存。文章结语部分归结到:现行的英国移民政策是借助移民筛选高质量的人力资本。为更有效地管理外来移民,吸引英国经济发展所需的高技能移民,英国将会实施更严厉的移民政策。
论文目录
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