现代汉语欧化与翻译策略之综合研究

论文摘要

从表面上看,现代汉语欧化和翻译策略属于不同研究领域。前者涉及语言接触和历史语言学,而后者则常常为译者和翻译理论家讨论。语言学家,译者和翻译理论家各自探讨了这两个话题,但并未深究二者之关联。因此,本文将两者合二为一,调查现代汉语的欧化情况,并找寻一种较为可行的翻译策略,从而促进现代标准汉语（Kratochvil 1968:19）的健康发展。本文的副标题冠以“综合研究”,主要基于以下几点考虑。第一,本文同时探讨了现代标准汉语的欧化和翻译策略这两个问题。对前者的深入分析为后者提供了科学而合理的解释。第二,本研究的两大议题涉及多种理论和视角,例如:接触语言学,历史语言学,普通语言学,计量语言学,社会语言学（包括语言规划）,语料库语言学,语法化和词汇化理论,语篇分析,以及翻译学。这些理论大体上是彼此兼容的。第三,为使论题具备说服力,本文还采用了多种研究方法。现代汉语是汉语发展的历史产物。为了探讨现代汉语的欧化特征,本文兼顾了历时和共时这两个角度。通过对比古代汉语,近代汉语和现代汉语的词汇,构词法,以及句法,我们发现,现代汉语在许多方面都与其祖先不同。毋庸质疑,内部机制是现代标准汉语形成的首要诱因。但是主要经由翻译而引发的外语影响也不能忽略不记。由于英汉翻译在近代翻译中的显著地位,因此,“所谓欧化,大致就是英化”（王力1943/1985:334）。所以,本文认为“欧化”,“西化”,“英化”这几个术语是可以等同的。在现代汉语的欧化过程中,英汉翻译的作用类似于化学反应中催化剂的作用。另一方面,本文从语言层面讨论了翻译策略问题,发现并解释了两个彼此兼容的连续统——“词汇-构词法-句法”连续统以及“归化策略-狭义杂合策略-异化策略”连续统。事实上,前者决定后者。本文引入了翻译的目的论,认为在‘英-汉’翻译实践中应当采用一种广义上的杂合策略。靶语文本的“目的”是一个可变因子,因此译者还应当充分考虑文体类型,从而保证文本的可读性。尽管语言规划是一种政府职能,译者也应当了解自己的作用,促进现代标准汉语的健康发展。本文包括以下4个部分:1)第1部分:第1,2章（导言,文献综述）;第2部分:第3,4,5章（为现代汉语欧化提供实证,揭示欧化和翻译策略的关联）;第3部分:第6,7章（讨论翻译策略,并提供补充证据）;第4部分:第8章（结论）。本次研究也存在以下不足之处。第一,经费不足。在第5章的回译实验中,我们仅获取了6篇回译文本。事实上,5位译者都无偿为我们提供了译文。由于经费短缺,我们也无力进行大规模的问卷调查（第7章）。第二,由北京大学和北京外国语大学联合研制的英-汉,汉-英双语平行语料库尚未出版发行。众所周知,这两个语料库是国内颇具权威的平行语料库。我们无法从中获取数据,因此第5章所进行的句法分析是不彻底的,我们亦无法为图10提供准确的数据。第三,本文侧重从语言角度讨论翻译策略,而没有采用文化视角。第四,由于作者才疏学浅,本次研究相当肤浅。尽管如此,我们坚信,学者们在今后的研究中会取得长足进步。

论文目录

• Acknowledgements
• Abstract
• 摘要（Abstract in Chinese）
• Tables
• Figures
• Chapter 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Object of the research
• 1.1.1 Europeanization of Modern Chinese
• 1.1.2 Domestication vs. foreignization?
• 1.1.3 Why “an integrated approach”?
• 1.2 A brief introduction of the related researches
• 1.3 Limitations of the previous researches
• 1.4 Research methodology
• 1.5 Outline of the dissertation
• Chapter 2 Literature review of Europeanization of Modern Chinese and translation strategies
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Previous studies on the issue of Europeanization of Modern Chinese
• 2.2.1 Language contacts between Chinese and languages other than English -a historical retrospect
• 2.2.2 Previous studies on the issue of Europeanization （Anglicization） of Modern Chinese
• 2.3 Previous studies on translation strategies
• 2.3.1 Previous studies on translation strategies –a retrospect of Chinese scholars’contribution
• 2.3.2 Previous studies on translation strategies –a retrospect of foreign scholars’theories
• Chapter 3 Europeanization of Modern Chinese
• 3.1 Definitions
• 3.1.1 Definition of a standard language
• 3.1.2 Modern Standard Chinese （MSC） –Putonghua
• 3.2 Europeanization of written MSC
• 3.2.1 Motivations of Europeanization
• 3.2.2 Rationalities of Europeanized linguistic elements in written MSC
• 3.2.3 Limitations of Europeanization of written MSC
• Chapter 4 Lexical and morphological evidence of Europeanization of written MSC caused by translation and corresponding translation strategies
• 4.1 Unit of translation
• 4.2 The lexical analysis
• 4.2.1 The definition of ci （word） in Chinese
• 4.2.2 How do we define “wailaiyu （foreign words）”in Chinese
• 4.2.3 Translation strategies and methods adopted by translators in dealing with English words
• 4.2.4 Lexical Europeanization and translation strategies-a quantitative test
• 4.3 The morphological analysis
• 4.3.1 How do we understand goucifa （word formation, morphology） in Chinese?
• 4.3.2 New developments in Chinese word formation triggered by English-Chinese translation
• 4.4 The corresponding translation strategies applied on the lower translation units
• Chapter 5 Syntactical evidence of Europeanization of written MSC caused by translation and corresponding translation strategies
• 5.1 The syntactical analysis
• 5.1.1 Why “sentence”?
• 5.1.2 Attributes of Chinese syntax
• 5.2 Syntactical evidence of Europeanization of written MSC
• 5.2.1 The prolonged sentences –a test of back-translation
• 5.2.2 More flexible word order and sentence order
• 5.2.3 The grammaticalization of zai and dang
• 5.2.4 The pattern of “hen + NP”
• 5.2.5 The Europeanization of passive bei-sentences
• 5.3 The corresponding translation strategies applied on the basic translation unit–ju（sentence）
• Chapter 6 Why a hybrid translation strategy?
• 6.1 Skopos theory and a hybrid translation strategy
• 6.2 Skopos of modern English-Chinese translation and the rationalities of a hybrid translation strategy
• 6.2.1 Primary skopos: a stylistic analysis
• 6.2.2 Secondary skopos: enriching MSC
• 6.3 The corresponding strategy: a hybrid translation strategy
• Chapter 7 Supplementary research: evidence from two questionnaire surveys
• 7.1 Questionnaire one: attitudes towards Europeanization of MSC
• 7.1.1 Questions and statistical results of the first questionnaire
• 7.1.2 Analysis of the statistical results
• 7.2 Questionnaire two: Chinese translators’attitudes towards translation strategies
• 7.2.1 Questions and statistical results of the second questionnaire
• 7.2.2 Analysis of the statistical results
• 7.3 Summary of the two questionnaire surveys
• Chapter 8 Conclusion
• 8.1 Summary of the present study
• 8.2 Findings of the present study
• 8.3 Limitations of the present study
• 8.4 Suggestions for further studies
• Works Cited
• Appendix 1
• Appendix 2
• 攻读学位期间发表的学术论文