基于谓词—论元结构的词类转译语义学角度探究

论文摘要

词类,或曰词性,是印欧语传统语法的核心概念,与句子的语法分析密不可分。在语法分析的句法层面,句子的每个成分都被划分了词类,体现出各个成分相对于句子谓语而言的句法功能。汉语语法模仿印欧语的语法系统,但这种系统并不适合汉语。汉语词类有其独特的个性,在形态、句法、语义特征等方面与英语词类存在很大差异。克罗夫特（2000：13）指出,“在跨语言理解中,造成困难的主要类别是一些基础的语法类别：名词、动词和形容词,主语和宾语,中心语和修饰语……”即词类及其相关类别。英语词类和汉语词类的差异为英汉翻译带来了不少困难。因此,在英汉翻译中,不要机械地遵循源语词类,而要对词类进行适当转换,以符合目的语的用法。传统的词类转换通常是在语法层面进行,但译者容易受句法规则和语法形式的制约,导致译文生硬拗口,晦涩难懂。因此,本论文不采用语法分析的手段,转而从语义学角度入手。句子分析除了句法层面的分析,还有语义层面的分析,包括论元类型和谓词—论元关系两个层面。在论元类型层面上,句子的每个成分都用语义概念进行了描述。谓词—论元关系层面则揭示了每个论元相对于谓词的语义角色。在后者这个较高层面上,谓词—论元结构忽略了表层结构的语法特征,因此包含的信息更为抽象,也更为准确。实际上,句子的语义与句法存在复杂的关联,这些层面尽管形式不同,描述的却是同一事件。因此,在英汉翻译中,采用谓词—论元结构可以帮助译者突破英汉句法的差异,打破语法的制约。本文试图通过英汉语法的对比,为词类转译提供理据,并以谓词-论元结构为基础,从语义学角度提出词类转译的方法。本文不仅总结了英汉词类在形态、句法、语义等方面的特征,还对句子语义层及语法层的关系进行了研究,为以下英文结构从语义学角度提出了转译方法：表经事或表动因的名词短语结构、主谓结构、移就格和运动事件。

论文目录

• Abstract
• 摘要
• Chapter 1 Introduction
• Chapter 2 The Development of Lexical Categories
• 2.1 Lexical categories in Traditional Grammar
• 2.1.1 Plato's Onoma and Rhema
• 2.1.2 Aristotle
• 2.1.3 The Stoics
• 2.1.4 Dionysius Thrax
• 2.1.5 Roman-Latin grammarians:Varro, Donatus and Priscian
• 2.1.6 A summary
• 2.2 English parts of speech
• 2.2.1 Prescriptive Grammar
• 2.2.2 Non-Structural Descriptive Grammar
• 2.2.3 Structural Descriptive Grammar
• 2.2.4 The Classification of Words in Post-Structural Grammar
• 2.2.5 Conclusion
• 2.3 Chinese system of lexical categories
• 2.3.1 Ma Jianzhong & Li Jinxi
• 2.3.2 Lu Shuxiang and Wang Li
• 2.3.3 Zhu Dexi and Chao Yen Ren
• Chapter 3 Foreign and Domestic Studies on conversion
• 3.1 Studies on conversion by western scholars
• 3.1.1 Catford's class-shifts
• 3.1.2 Vinay and Darbelnet's transposition
• 3.1.3 Newmark's four types of shift
• 3.1.4 Nida's new classification of four categories
• 3.1.4.1 Nida's grammatical meaning
• 3.1.4.2 Nida's types of correspondences and studies on word classes
• 3.1.4.3 Application of Nida's classification
• 3.2 Domestic studies on conversion
• Chapter 4 Major Lexical categories and grammatical differences of English and Chinese
• 4.1 Major lexical categories of English
• 4.1.1 Nouns in English
• 4.1.2 Verbs in English
• 4.1.3 Adjectives in English
• 4.1.4 Adverbs in English
• 4.1.5 Prepositions in English
• 4.2 Major lexical categories of Chinese
• 4.2.1 Nouns in Chinese
• 4.2.2 Verbs and adjectives in Chinese
• 4.2.3 Adverbs in Chinese
• 4.2.4 Prepositions in Chinese
• 4.3 Comparison between English and Chinese grammar
• 4.3.1 Morphological differences
• 4.3.2 Differences in correspondence of lexical categories and syntactic functions
• 4.3.3 Differences in word order
• 4.3.4 Parataxis vs. Hypotaxis
• 4.3.5 Subject-prominent vs. Topic-prominent
• Chapter 5 The Semantic solution based on Predicate-argument structure
• 5.1 Predicate-argument structure
• 5.2 Application of the predicate-argument structure in Conversion
• 5.2.1 NPs as Experiencer or Stimulus
• 5.2.2 The Subject-predicate structure
• 5.2.3 Transferred Epithet
• 5.2.4 Motion events
• Chapter 6 Conclusion
• Bibliography
• 攻读学位期间的研究成果
• Acknowledgements