中国东北部和也门西部的地热系统及地热温度特性研究

论文摘要

地热资源的直接利用在中国已有很多年的历史,同时也有少部分地热间接应用于发电;热泉水的治病特性在中国的一些地方受到群众的广泛赞誉。热泉水的温度范围在37℃-96℃之间,PH 值在6.3—8.7 范围内变动,但是从蒸汽喷气孔和火山气孔处采集到的冷凝物却有较低的PH 值（<4.5）和较低TDS 值（<250ppm）。在也门西部地区（火山岩区）的热水主要有两种类型,它们是Na-HC03 型和Na（K）一Cl 型。然而该地区的地表水化学组分却与世界其他地方的相同,为典型的Ca（Mg）-HC（）3型水。研究表明,热泉泉水的类型与地壳深处的岩浆房以及该地区火山岩的化学组分有关。在构造上,这些火山杂岩平行于红海延伸方向,与该方向的N—Nw 向断裂有关,部分与相对较浅的第三纪碱性侵入体有关,还有的与NE—SE、E—W 和NE.Sw 向断裂相关, 这一系列断裂均与红海延伸方向或阿旦湾延伸方向平行。中国东北的长白山地区,为白垩纪玄武岩广泛分布的区,这里的多座热泉的化学组分已经得到了详细的研究,此外还有详尽资料描述了该地区区域地热特性。鞍山市的地热田包括很多发育在第四纪沉积物中的热泉或热水井,这些第四纪沉积物直接覆盖在元古宙的变质花岗岩或者古生代碳酸岩之上。该地区热泉或热水井的温度范围为49℃-96℃,PH 的变化范围8.74-9.02,地热水为Na（K）-C1-S 型。该地区地热水可以用于鞍山市的取暖系统,或者用于医疗治病。通过对也门和中国东北的热泉的研究,揭示了热泉水的类型和区域岩石类型的关系,那就是:当热泉水沿着岩石裂隙从地下流向地表的时候,其泉水类型由流经区的岩石化学组成决定（水石反应）。

论文目录

• CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND THESIS OBGECTIVES
• 1.1 General Information and location the research area
• 1.2 Previous study on thermal springs in Yemen
• 1.3 General information on Geothermal of China
• 1.4 History of Review
• 1.5 Northeastern China
• 1.6 The Objectives of the Present Study
• CHAPTER 2 REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND GEOLOGY OF YEMEN
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Archean-Proterozoic Basement
• 2.3 Phanerozoic Sedimentary Rocks
• 2.3.1 Cambro-Ordovician / Permo-Carboniferous
• 2.3.1.1 Wajid Sandstone
• 2.3.1.2 Permian: Akbra Shale
• 2.3.1.3 Other Palaeozoic Strata
• 2.3.2 L-M Jurassic
• 2.3.2.1 Kohlan Sandstone
• 2.3.2.2 Jurassic Amran Group
• 2.3.3 Cretaceous-Tertiary
• 2.3.3.1 Palaeocene-Oligocene: Hadramaut Group
• 2.3.3.2 Palaeocene – Eocene: Suqatra
• 2.3.3.3 Neogene: Tihama Plain and Red Sea
• 2.3.3.4 Post-Miocene: Tihama Plain and offshore
• 2.3.4 Quaternary: Yemen
• 2.3.4.1 Eocene-Oligocene: Western Yemen
• 2.3.4.2 Eocene-Pleistocene: Western Yemen
• 2.4 Structure and Tectonics of Yemen
• 2.4.1 Central Block
• 2.4.2 North-West
• 2.4.3 Ramlat As Sab’atayn Graben
• 2.4.4 Ad Dali Graben
• 2.4.5 Red Sea Rift Basin
• 2.5 Geological History
• 2.6 Geology of Northeastern China
• CHAPTER 3 GEOCHEMICAL METHODS FOR EXPLORATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY ON THE SURFACE
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Type and importance of surface thermal manifestations
• 3.2.1 Hot Springs
• 3.2.2 Fumaroles
• 3.2.3 Geysers
• 3.2.4 Geothermal system
• 3.3 Sampling and analysis of geothermal fluids
• 3.3.1 Geothermal liquids
• 3.3.2 Fieldwork
• 3.4 Types of thermal waters
• 3.4.1 Chloride rich waters
• 3.4.2 Sulphate rich waters
• 3.4.3 Bicarbonate waters
• 3.5 Methods to interpret chemical data during hydrogeochemical prospecting
• 3.6 Geothermometers of thermal water can be classified in two groups
• CHAPTER 4 THERMAL SPRINGS OF WESTERN YEMEN AND THEIR GEOTHERMOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Volcanic activities with geothermal potential in Western Yemen
• 4.3 Structural setting
• 4.4 Seismic Activity
• 4.4.1 The catalogue of earthquakes and volcanic activity （1991） gave the following on Yemen
• 4.4.2 Earthquakes During the period of
• 4.4.3 Statistical analyzing of seismic data
• 4.4.4 Seismicity of Western Yemen （Central Plateau）
• 4.4.4.1 Dhamar Area
• 4.4.4.2 Al-Udayn Region
• 4.4.4.3 Hiddan area
• 4.4.4.4 Al Qafr area
• 4.4.4.5 Hajja-Al-Tawilla area
• 4.4.5 Seismicity of Southwestern Plateau
• 4.4.5.1 Hais area
• 4.4.5.2 Wazeia -Madariba area
• 4.5 Western Yemen hot springs, earthquakes and landslides
• 4.6 Thermal Features and Western Yemen thermal springs
• 4.6.1 Field work
• 4.6.2 Methodology
• 4.6.3 Sana’a area thermal springs
• 4.6.3.1 Hammam Ali, Al-Haimah Ad-Dakhiliyah
• 4.6.3.2 Hammam Jaref
• 4.6.3.3 Jabal Mahyeen-Hammam Ali and Wadi Surdod
• 4.6.4 Dhamar Area thermal springs
• 4.6.4.1 Mineral Water of Hammam Ali A’nis
• 4.6.4.2 Al-Lisi and Hammam Isbil Fumaroles
• 4.6.4.2.1 Introduction
• 4.6.4.2.2 Geological setting of the area
• 4.6.4.2.2.1 Precambrian
• 4.6.4.2.2.2 Cretaceous Tawilah formation
• 4.6.4.2.2.3 Tertiary Volcanic, Yemen Trap Serious （YTS）
• 4.6.4.2.2.4 Quaternary
• 4.6.4.2.3 Tectonic Setting
• 4.6.4.2.4 Estimated temperature
• 4.6.4.3 Hammam Juma’ah
• 4.6.4.4 Hammam Al-Uqur
• 4.6.4.5 Hammam Seiban
• 4.6.4.6 Wadi Malaha
• 4.6.5 Ibb area thermal springs
• 4.6.6 Ta’iz area thermal springs
• 4.6.6.1 The western plateau
• 4.6.6.2 Hammam Resyan
• 4.6.6.3 Hammam At-Twoair
• 4.6.6.4 Hammam Ad-Durabi
• 4.6.6.5 Wadi Al-Barh
• 4.6.6.6 Hammam Wadi Al Majsalah,
• 4.6.7 Al-Hudaidah area thermal springs
• 4.6.7.1 Hamma Al-Imam
• 4.6.7.2 Hamam As Sukhnah
• 4.6.8 Geochemical Results on the thermal waters of Western Yemen
• 4.6.9 Heat Flow and Geothermal Gradient of Yemen
• 4.6.10 Chemical Geothermometry
• 4.6.11 Tpography
• CHAPTER 5 THERMAL SPRINGSIN OF AD DALA AND KIRSH AREAS
• 5.1 Ad-Dhala area thermal springs
• 5.1.1 Damt thermal springs
• 5.1.1.1 Geology and structure
• 5.1.1.2 Geochemical analysis
• 5.1.1.3 Geothermometrics
• 5.2 Kirsh thermal springs area
• CHAPTER 6 GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM IN NORTHEAST （NE） CHINA
• 6.1 Changbaishan area thermal springs
• 6.1.1 Introduction
• 6.1.2 Geological setting
• 6.1.3 Sampling and analytical methods
• 6.1.4 Analytical results
• 6.1.5 Geothermometrics
• 6.2 Anshan area well springs
• 6.2.1 Regional Geological Background
• 6.2.1.1 Strata
• 6.2.1.2 Igneous rocks
• 6.2.2 Structural geology
• 6.2.2.1 NE-SW faults
• 6.2.2.2 E-W Faults
• 6.2.2.3 NW-SE faults
• 6.2.3 Methodology
• 6.2.4 Chemical Results
• 6.2.5 Estimated Temperatures
• 6.3 Geothermal energy in China
• 6.3.1 Introduction
• 6.3.2 The geotemperature and geothermal gradients in China
• CHAPTER 7 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY DIRECT USES
• 7.1 Chemical thermal springs water uses
• 7.1.1 Bicarbonate waters
• 7.1.2 Sulfur and Sulfates
• 7.1.3 Chlorides
• 7.1.4 The benefit of cations in the thermal waters
• 7.1.4.1 Benefits of Magnesium
• 7.1.4.2 Benefits of Potassium
• 7.1.4.3 Benefits of Sodium:
• 7.2 Geothermal use for balneology
• 7.3 Geothermal Resources
• 7.4 Geothermal energy direct uses
• 7.4.1 Geothermal heat pumps
• 7.4.2 Space heating
• 7.4.3 Greenhouse and covered ground heating
• 7.4.4 Aquaculture pond and raceway heating
• 7.4.5 Agricultural crop drying
• 7.4.6 Industrial process heat
• 7.4.7 Snow melting and space cooling
• 7.4.8 Bathing and swimming
• 7.4.9 Categories of utilization
• CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
• Recommendations
• REFERENCES
• Abstract
• 摘要
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• 导师简介
• 作者简介