语用推理的转喻机制研究

语用推理的转喻机制研究

论文摘要

传统的修辞学把转喻看成是一种修辞格。随着认知科学的发展和研究的深入,人们对这种传统的修辞格有了新的认识并对其进行了更深层的探讨。现代认知语言学理论认为,转喻不仅仅是修辞格这种简单的现象,它是人类认识客观世界的一种重要方式,是人类认知最基本的特征之一。基于这些研究成果,我们在论文中把转喻提升到了一种方法论的高度,认为在我们的思维中和话语的语用推理过程中存在着转喻机制,它在语用推理的过程中起着重要的作用。文章首先回顾了当代语用学对语用推理的研究。当代语用学的一个主要理论目标就是要模拟和阐释人类对话语的理解和意义的推导。其显著特征是:对话语含义的推导是建立在一套限定的准则或原则之上的。例如,Grice(1975)提出了合作原则及合作原则下的四个准则,即质的准则,量的准则,关联准则和方式准则。Levinson(1983, 2000)提出了三个抽象的原则,即Q-原则,I-原则和M-原则,用它们来指导听者推出缺省意义或一般会话含义。Horn (1984)把格赖斯的四个准则缩减成为两个,即量准则和关联准则。Sperber & Willson (1995)认为只要一个关联原则就足以引导听者推出话语的暗含意义。我们认为,基于格赖斯和后格赖斯准则或原则之上的语用推理不能充分解释交际者的推理过程,它在解释语用推理时存在两个缺陷:一是它没有解释为什么会话人进行语用推理的速度会如此迅捷和毫不费力;二是它没有探究语用推理的概念本质。然后,基于话语理解离不开语用因素,语用推理离不开认知这一观点,我们提出了转喻机制,以弥补语用推理的局限和转喻研究的不足。前人对转喻与推理关系的研究中没有涉及到认知背景知识,即时语境和个人语用因素等语用因素。我们认为在推理的过程当中必须把这些因素和转喻的映射关系考虑在内才能比较合理地解释话语,获取会话含义。因此,我们把转喻和语用因素结合在了一起,提出了转喻机制,并且分析了转喻与话语显义的推导和转喻与话语隐含义的推导,还探讨了指称层次的转喻中和言语行为层次的转喻中话语含义的推导。文章最后指出,我们对转喻与语用推理的研究不仅弥补了当代语用学的一些不足之处,而且还把语用因素纳入到了转喻的映射中,把语用和认知的因素结合在了一起,较为有效地解决了话语的推理和理解问题。

论文目录

  • 摘要
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • 0.1 Theoretical Background
  • 0.2 Significance of the Paper
  • 0.3 Organization of the Thesis
  • CHAPTER 1 Pragmatic Inference Theories and Their Inadequacies
  • 1.1 Classic Gricean Theory
  • 1.1.1 Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicature
  • 1.1.2 Inadequacy of Classical Gricean Theory
  • 1.2 Neo-Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicature
  • 1.2.1 Horn’s Q and R Principles and Its Inadequacy
  • 1.2.2 Levinson’s Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature and Its Inadequacy
  • 1.2.3 Sperber and Wilson’s Relevance Theory and Its Inadequacy
  • CHAPTER 2 Metonymic Mechanism and Pragmatic Constraints in Pragmatic Inference
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Metonymy and Conceptual Contiguity
  • 2.2.1 Contiguity in ICM
  • 2.2.2 Contiguity in Frames
  • 2.2.3 Contiguity in Scenarios
  • 2.3 The Operation of Metonymic Mechanism
  • 2.3.1 Langacker’s Reference Point
  • 2.3.2 Perspective Salience
  • 2.3.3 Domain Highlighting
  • 2.3.4 Activation
  • 2.4 Pragmatic Constraints in Metonymic Mapping
  • 2.5 The Metonymic Inference Model from the Cognitive-Pragmatic Perspective
  • 2.5.1 Cognitive-Pragmatic Inference Model: A Macroscopic View
  • 2.5.2 Cognitive-Pragmatic Metonymy-Inference Model: A Microscopic View
  • 2.5.3 The Nature of Metonymic Inference Model
  • 2.6 Summary
  • CHAPTER 3 Metonymic Operation in the Process of Pragmatic Inference
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Operational Space of Metonymic Mechanism in the Process of Pragmatic Inference
  • 3.2.1 Using Levels of Matrix Domain
  • 3.2.2 Metonymy Inference Phases
  • 3.3 Metonymy and Explicature in Pragmatic Inference
  • 3.3.1 Explicature
  • 3.3.2 Derivation of Explicature and Metonymic Mapping
  • 3.4 Metonymy and Implicature in Pragmatic Inference
  • 3.4.1 Implicature
  • 3.4.2 Derivation of Implicature and Metonymic Mapping
  • 3.5 The Operation of Metonymic Mechanism on Referential Level in the Process of Pragmatic Inference
  • 3.6 The Operation of Metonymic Mechanism on Speech Act in the Process of Pragmatic Inference
  • 3.7 Where Metonymic Mechanism Outscores Gricean Theories
  • 3.8 Supplement of Our Metonymic Mechanism to Relevance Theory
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Acknowledgements
  • Informative Chinese Abstract
  • Résuméand Publications since Entering the Program
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    语用推理的转喻机制研究
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