A Study of the Development of the Perception and the Production of Chinese Stop Consonants by Spanish Learners with English Experience

论文摘要

本文研究有英语经验的西班牙留学生习得汉语塞音的过程。汉语的塞音系统是送气和不送气的两两对立而西班牙语则是清音和浊音的两两对立。因为学习者对跟自己母语的音系对立相对应的语音差别较为敏感,而那些他们母语中没有的对立常常会对他们造成困难。西班牙学习者因此在学习汉语的塞音对立时会有困难。实验1和实验2的结果支持感知同化模式对西班牙学习汉语塞音的假设,该假设认为西班牙初学者会把汉语送气音和不送气音都映射到西班牙语清音的范畴中去。高水平学习者的表现也支持语音学习模式就建立新的语音范畴的假设。他们不再简单的把汉语塞音的两个范畴都映射到西班牙语的清音范畴中,而是为汉语送气音建立的新的范畴。实验3是语音产出实验,实验的结果也显示随着学习时间的加长,西班牙学习者逐渐的建立新的范畴而且每个范畴的范围也逐渐稳定。可以说,西班牙学习者对汉语塞音的整个学习过程就是一个新范畴(送气音范畴)和新对立(送气和不送气)的建立过程。本研究涉及学习者的英语经验主要是考虑到几乎每个西班牙语被试在学习汉语之前都曾经学习过英语,那么作为第二语言的英语对作为第三语言的汉语会产生怎样的影响。结果表明被试在实验中出现了明显的语言系统效应,被试能根据听到的不同语言改变自己的反应机制。该研究还表明人们已经习得的新的语音范畴并非孤立的存储在头脑中而是连同其他范畴共同储存在一个为特定语言而设定的结构中。

论文目录

• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• 摘要
• ABSTRACT
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• 1 INTRODUCTION
• 1.1 Reasons and Significance of This Research
• 1.2 Organization of the Dissertation
• 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
• 2.1 Phonetics and Phonology
• 2.2 Phonetic Differences Between Stop Consonants of Mandarin, Spanish and English
• 2.3 Phonological Background
• 2.3.1 Spanish Phonology: An Overview
• 2.3.2 Phonological Contrastive Analysis of Spanish, Chinese and English Stops
• 2.4 L2 learners' Ability to Discriminate Sub-phonemic Phonetic Variation
• 2.5 Two Ambiguous Relationships
• 3 PREVIOUS RESEARCH AND PRESENT STUDY
• 3.1 The Speech Perception Models
• 3.1.1 Perceptual Assimilation Model
• 3.1.2 Speech Learning Model
• 3.1.3 Feature Geometry Model
• 3.2 Previous Study
• 3.2.1 Previous Study of Stop Categories
• 3.2.2 Previous Study of Perception and Production of Chinese Speech As L2
• 3.3 Present Study
• 3.3.1 Describe the Whole Process of Acquisition of the Chinese Aspiration Contrast by Spanish Learners
• 3.3.2 The Influence the English Experience On the Acquisition of Chinese Stops
• 4 METHOD
• 4.1 Experiment 1
• 4.1.1 Purpose
• 4.1.2 Hypothesis
• 4.1.3 Experiment Design
• 4.1.4 Data Analysis
• 4.1.5 Discussion and Summary
• 4.2 Experiment 2
• 4.2.1. Purpose
• 4.2.2. Hypothesis
• 4.2.3. Experiment Design
• 4.2.4. Date Analysis
• 4.2.5. Discussion and Summary
• 4.3 Experiment 3
• 4.3.1. Purpose
• 4.3.2. Hypothesis
• 4.3.3. Experiment Design
• 4.3.4. Data Analysis
• 4.3.5. Discussion and Summary
• 4.4 Correlations
• 5 DICUSSION
• 5.1 Perception
• 5.2 Production
• 5.3 General Discussion
• 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
• 6.1 Summary of Major Findings
• 6.2 Pedagogical Implications
• 6.3 Limitation of the Present Study
• Notes
• REFERENCES
• APPENDIX
• QUESTIONNAIRE
• INSTRUCTIONS FOR EXPERIMENTS
• PRE-TEST （ENGLISH PROFICIENCY TEST）
• LANGUAGE BACKGROUND OF PARTICIPANTS
• READING MATERIAL
• WAVEFORMS AND SPECTROGRAMS FROM PRAAT