论文摘要
《变》的出版宣告了新的小说美学的到来。这部小说体现了作者誓与传统小说美学甚至是与传统文化相决裂的决心。米歇尔-布托尔小说的新构思之“新”主要体现在三个方面:空间、时间的复杂网络和第二人称的运用。在《变》中,作者总是花大量的笔墨对物体和人物动作进行白描。这些描写仔细、详尽、不带任何感情色彩,但是读者并没有因此就对这些物体有了比较清晰的认识。相反,这样的描写越是详细精确,物体越是淹没于这些不能给人以感情寄托的描述中。同样,对意识(梦境,幻觉,回忆)的描写也是如此,不包含任何“意义”(政治上的,心理上的,道德上的,象征性的)。如果说对物体极尽其详的描写使物体更加模糊不清,那么对这些描写的重复则更是将物体分解得支离破碎。因为每次对物体的重复描写都会将物体的某一方面凸现到极致,以至于脱离物体本身。在空间的运用上,布托尔的空间即使是对单独的非连续的空间,也是动态的。它与时间紧密结合,随时间的悄然流逝而发生着令人难以察觉而又确确实实发生的变化。《变》这部小说写了十次旅行,这十次旅行没有遵循传统小说时间的连续性原则,不按时间发生的先后顺序,也不采纳传统小说中的倒叙和插叙等手法,而是把时间顺序完全打乱,过去、现在和未来三个时间层面相互交错,形成错综复杂、扑朔迷离的一个时间网。三个层面之间没有过渡,而是直接跳跃。作者使有限的时间扩展成无限的时间,使封闭的时间变为开放的时间。并且在《变》中,作者引入了第二人称。这种人称的引入是一种创新,这意味着引入了一个读者的代表,也是作者与之对话的人。由于米歇尔-布托尔的小说与传统小说在创作技法上大相径庭,因此它需要读者以一种全新的方法去阅读。与传统小说不同,《变》并不是一部闭合的小说,作者在里面留下的“空白”实际上是一种邀请,邀请读者参与小说的创作。对于米歇尔-布托尔来说,一部小说并不是一部“已经完成”的作品,而是一部永远都处于“正在创作”的小说。读者根据自己的人生体验和审美情趣去参与小说创作,获得了彻底的解放。总之,《变》这部小说完全体现了米歇尔-布托尔的小说新构思:复杂的时间和空间网的构思、第二人称的新运用和读者参与小说创作。
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