论文摘要
目的:肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)为来自静脉系统或右心的血栓阻塞肺动脉或其分支所致疾病,以肺循环和呼吸功能障碍为其主要临床和病理生理特征。PTE典型的临床表现为“肺梗死三联症”,即同时出现胸痛、咯血、呼吸困难。慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)是呼吸系统常见疾病,由于肺功能呈进行性减退,机体长期处于低氧状态,继发性红细胞增多,血液黏滞度增加,因此易并发PTE。但当COPD患者合并PTE时临床表现无特异性,与慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期(AECOPD)临床表现重叠,容易漏诊及误诊,影响预后。本文通过探讨COPD患者发生PTE的易患因素、临床特点提高临床医生对该病的认识,并探讨诊断、治疗以及相关预防措施改善预后。方法:回顾性分析大连医科大学附属第一医院2005年-2010年20例COPD+PTE患者的临床资料,并收集20例同期入院的单纯COPD患者的临床资料作为对照。收集患者的年龄、性别等一般资料;咳嗽、咳痰、呼吸困难、胸痛、肺部啰音、双下肢不对称水肿等临床表现;深静脉血栓形成(DVT)、恶性肿瘤、近期手术、近期制动等危险因素;入院动脉血气、血D-二聚体(D-dimer)、血红蛋白、心电图(ECG)、CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)等检查指标。分析COPD +PTE组患者的危险因素,比较两组患者的临床症状及体征、入院动脉血气分析、D-dimer、血红蛋白、ECG的差异。采用SPSS17.0软件进行统计,计量资料采用t检验,组间比较采用X2检验,P<0.05具有统计学意义。结果: COPD +PTE组患者与单纯COPD组患者年龄、性别构成比比较无统计学差异(P值分别为0.529及0.751);COPD +PTE组患者的危险因素主要包括年龄≥75岁(50%)、DVT(45%)、近期制动(25%)、恶性肿瘤(15%)、近期手术(10%);COPD +PTE组与单纯COPD组在呼吸困难、胸痛、咯血、咳嗽、咳痰方面未见显著差异(P>0.05);COPD+PTE组患者晕厥发生率较单纯COPD组患者高,两组比较有统计学差异;两组患者在肺部啰音、发热、肺动脉瓣区第二心音(P2)亢进或分裂方面未见显著差异(P>0.05);COPD +PTE组患者低血压及双下肢不对称水肿的发生率较单纯COPD组患者高,两组比较有统计学差异。两组患者入院时的血气PH值、PaO2比较无显著性差异,PaCO2及P(A-a) O2存在显著性差异(P<0.05),COPD +PTE组患者PaCO2较单纯COPD组患者显著降低,P(A-a) O2较单纯COPD组明显增高;两组患者血D-dimer比较有统计学意义,COPD +PTE组患者D-dimer较单纯COPD组不同程度升高,但仅6例(30%)患者D-dimer>0.5mg/L;两组患者血红蛋白比较P>0.05,差异有统计学意义;两组患者入院ECG(SⅠQⅢTⅢ、电轴右偏、窦速、房性心律失常、ST改变、肺型P波)比较P>0.05,差异无统计学意义。对COPD +PTE患者进行危险分层,高危组4例(20%),给予溶栓后抗凝治疗;中危组16例(80%),给予单纯抗凝治疗。好转18例(90%),死亡2例(10%)。结论:1.当临床上COPD患者出现晕厥、低血压,并具有PTE高危因素,尤其伴随双下肢不对称水肿表现,需警惕合并PTE的可能;2.合并PTE的COPD患者PaCO2较前下降,P(A-a) O2较前明显升高;3.建议具有PTE高危因素的COPD患者预防性抗凝治疗。
论文目录
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