语境分析对翻译的影响 ——对语义取向及风格再现的影响

论文摘要

美国翻译理论家奈达认为,翻译就是交际,即信息传递的一种方式。为了能够传递信息,译者必须抓住原文的意义。然而,脱离语境的词语、句子或篇章的意义具有多义性和模糊性,因此是不确定的,是潜在的。这些都给翻译造成了困难。因此我们要在语境中探讨意义,即“语境中的意义”,因为只有在语境中才能确定词语、句子或篇章的真正意义。 语境在交际过程中对意义的理解起着决定作用,在翻译过程中也是如此。只有准确把握语境,才能正确理解原文、把握原文风格。也只有在此基础上,翻译才有可能准确、达意、传神。翻译过程中,语境分析对于语义的择取有着重要的作用;构成文章风格的种种因素在特定的语境中在语体、感情色彩、篇章结构等方面显现出来。本文基于语境理论,把语境分为文本语言环境、副语言环境和非语言环境,从语义取向和风格再现两大方面阐述了语境的各因素对翻译的影响,并提出针对不同语境的翻译策略。 一方面,本文从语境分析对语义取向的影响出发,细致分析了语境的分类、功能及语境对语义择取有着重要作用的原因,即语义的不确定性和变化性。在此基础上,本文从文本语言环境、副语言环境和非语言环境三个方面列举大量实例,探讨了语境对翻译选词取义的影响。 另一方面,本文从语境分析对风格再现的影响出发,详尽分析了语境与风格的关系,之后又从原文言语的语体标记、原文作品的文体标记和原文的修辞标记三个方面具体阐述原文风格和表达方式的再现问题。 总之,译者只有纵观原作全文,洞悉语境三个方面之间的相互关系,统盘考虑各种语言因素对所择词语语义的影响,敢于摆脱词典释义的束缚,才能获得最能体现原文旨意与风格的选词,收到言有尽而意无穷的效果,锤炼出隽永深邃、意在言外的佳译,从而将原文信息量最大限度地传达给译文读者。此外,译者还要通晓古今文情的变通规律,明了各种不同文体的规格要求,只有这样才能以恰如其分的文辞,得体的文笔,符合规范的文体译出原文作者的风格,表现原文作品的神韵。

论文目录

• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• ABSTRACT （EngUsh）
• ABSTRACT （Chinese）
• CONTENTS （English）
• CONTENTS （Chinese）
• CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
• 1.1 Organization of the Thesis
• 1.2 A Review of Contexalism
• 1.2.1 Contextualism in China
• 1.2.2 Contextualism in Western Countries
• 1.2.2.1 Malinowski's Perspective of Context
• 1.2.2.2 Firth's View of Context
• 1.2.2.3 Halliday and Hasan's Notion of Context
• 1.2.2.4 Hymes' Description of Context
• 1.3 Motivation and Validity of Writing the Thesis
• CHAPTER TWO CONTEXT
• 2.1 Contextualism
• 2.2 Definition and Classification of Context
• 2.2.1 Malinowski's Definition and Classification
• 2.2.2 Firth's Definition and Classification
• 2.2.3 Seleskovitch's Definition and Classification
• 2.2.4 Hu's Definition and Classification
• 2.2.5 Zhou's Definition and Classification
• 2.3 Functions of Context
• 2.3.1 Function of Restriction
• 2.3.2 Function of Explanation
• 2.3.3 Function of Supplement
• CHAPTER THREE CONTEXT AND MEANING
• 3.1 Meaning
• 3.1.1 Definition of Meaning
• 3.1.2 Indefmiteness of Meaning
• 3.1.2.1 Fussyness
• 3.1.2.2 Polysemy
• 3.1.2.3 Ambiguity
• 3.2 Semantic Change of Meaning
• 3.2.1 Semantic Generalization
• 3.2.2 Semantic Specialization
• 3.2.3 Semantic Elevation
• 3.2.4 Semantic Degradation
• 3.2.5 Semantic Shift from Abstract into Concrete and Vice Versa
• 3.2.6 Semantic Antonomasia
• 3.3 The Relationship between Context and Meaning
• 3.3.1 Context and Meaning
• 3.3.2 Confirming Meaning in Context
• CHAPTER FOUR ANALYSIS OF CONTEXT AND SELECTION OF MEANING
• 4.1 Textual Context
• 4.1.1 Microcosmic Context
• 4.1.2 Macroscopical Context
• 4.2 Paralinguistic Context
• 4.2.1 Additive Factors which are Subject to the Utterance
• 4.2.2 Additive Factors in Films, Televisions, Dramas or Advertisements
• 4.2.3 Additive Linguistic Factors in Literary Works
• 4.3 Non-linguistic Context
• 4.3.1 Backgrounds of Culture
• 4.3.1.1 Cultural Words
• 4.3.1.1.1 In the Respect of Ecology
• 4.3.1.1.2 In the Respect of Material Culture
• 4.3.1.1.3 In the Respect of Social Culture
• 4.3.1.1.4 In the Respect of Religious Culture
• 4.3.1.1.5 In the Respect of Gesture and Habits
• 4.3.1.2 Culturally Loaded Words/Phrases
• 4.3.1.2.1 Culturally Loaded Words/Phrases Due to Different Classification
• 4.3.1.2.2 Culturally Loaded Words/Phrases Due to Different Association
• 4.3.1.2.3 Culturally Loaded Words/Phrases Due to Different Cultural Norms
• 4.3.2 Backgrounds of the Original Text
• CHAPTER FIVE ANALYSIS OF CONTEXT AND REPRODUCTION OF STYLE
• 5.1 Context and Style
• 5.2 Analysis of Context and Reproduction of Style
• 5.2.1 Reproduction of Stylistic Labels of Words
• 5.2.1.1 Levels of Formality of Words
• 5.2.1.1.1 Levels of Variety
• 5.2.1.1.2 At the Level of Word Selection
• 5.2.1.1.3 At the Level of Syntactic Structure and Text
• 5.2.1.2 The Characteristics of the Times of Words
• 5.2.1.2.1 The Relationship of Diachronic Meaning and Synchronic Meaning
• 5.2.1.2.2 Selection of Words and Reproduction of Style
• 5.2.2 Reproduction of Types of Writings
• 5.2.2.1 Type of Literary Works
• 5.2.2.2 Type of Technological Literatures
• 5.2.2.3 Type of News and Laws
• 5.2.2.4 Type of Advertisements and Media
• 5.2.2.5 Type of Political Comments
• 5.2.3 Reproduction of Rhetorical Markers
• 5.2.3.1 Rhetorical Devices in Phonetic and Morphological Hiberarchy
• 5.2.3.2 Rhetorical Devices in Semantic Hiberarchy
• CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSION
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• APPENDIX
• 承诺书
• 个人简况及联系方式