半机构性话语中的他人修正 ——以汉语电视访谈为例

论文摘要

本文以英语会话分析理论及其方法为基础,对汉语电视访谈中的他人修正现象进行了系统的探讨。作者收集到277个他人修正的实例,结合定量和定性研究,说明该现象的普遍性与其所属的半机构性话语类型之间的关系。本研究主要包括下列四个方面的分析及发现:第一,本文对他人修正的两种基本类型和三种生成环境进行了细致的描述和统计分析。研究发现,本语料中他人引导-他人修正类型远远多于自我引导-他人修正类型,这与对英语会话研究的结论相异,但与目前对汉语会话中他人修正现象的初步认识基本相同。从修正效果出发,本文将拒绝接受修正项的情况列为“不同意”或“不加入”。语料中他人修正的三种生成环境分布几乎相等,其中的“X, Y, Y”格式可进一步细化成四种变异模式,说明其在实际会话中存在多种可能结构。本文首次将幽默式他人修正补充为第四类特殊生成环境,认为运用修辞手段有利于缓解他人修正中的面子威胁心理并活跃了谈话气氛。第二,本文进一步对他人修正进行了形式和功能分类,前者从词汇、句子、语篇三个层面体现了他人修正的分布和语义选择过程,后者主要探讨他人修正产生的主要原因。数据表明,造成他人修正的原因多在于不准确或错误表达、词汇理解偏差和词汇搜索空缺三个方面,而他人修正多发生在词汇层面并以近义选择为主,句子层面次之,以修饰句义和去除歧义为主。研究认为他人修正是一个明晰语义和实现表达适恰性的词义商讨过程。第三,本文分别调查了造成他人修正的主要引导手段、位置及其执行策略。研究语料中的引导手段以非显性引导（即直接修正）、提问或要求以及语音延长为常见分布,其定位阻碍的力度各不相同。语料中的引导位置以接续话轮内修正引发（NTRIs）最为普遍,验证了Schegloff, Jefferson和Sacks（简称SJS）早期的论断,同时,第三话轮引导（third turn position initiations）和延迟接续话轮内修正引导（delayed NTRIs）的部分分布说明了他人修正引导位置的灵活性。另外,研究所调查的执行策略与他人修正的形式和功能分类相呼应,完成、修饰、解释等策略应对了三种造成他人修正的主要原因。第四,在综合分析数据和已有研究对比的基础上,本文总结了半机构性话语中他人修正的特征。已有的研究结果强调句法与修正的关系,并认同SJS早期总结的自我修正偏好机制。在本研究中,他人修正与词义密切相关,而句子结构只是为明晰词义提供了语境。本研究证明自我修正偏好并不是普遍结构,偏好结构受所处话语类型的影响。从话轮结构上看,他人修正与英语会话修正引导位置基本一致。本文还介绍了多重修正,作为对其英语模式的汉语例证补充。最后,本文为他人修正所体现的半机构性话语特征提供了数据支持,指出访谈更接近日常会话状态,因而产生的他人修正更切合对日常会话的分析框架。

论文目录

• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• ABSTRACT
• 内容提要
• List of Tables
• Contents
• Chapter One Introductin
• 1.0 Preliminary Remarks
• 1.1 A General Description of the Subject Matter
• 1.1.1 CA
• 1.1.2 Conversational repair
• 1.1.3 The TV talk show8 as semi-institutional discourse
• 1.2 A Brief Literature Review
• 1.2.1 Repair in Chinese conversation
• 1.2.2 Repair in CTVTS
• 1.2.3 Other-repair in Chinese conversation and CTVTS
• 1.3 General Aims and Objectives
• 1.4 Methodology
• 1.4.1 Research method
• 1.4.2 Data collection
• 1.4.3 Transcription of Chinese data
• 1.5 Organization of the Present Study
• Chapter Two Basic Patterns and Structures of Other-Repair in CTVTS
• 2.0 Introduction
• 2.1 Basic Patterns of Other-Repair
• 2.1.1 Self-initiated other-repair
• 2.1.2 Other-initiated other-repair
• 2.1.3 Failure in other-repair
• 2.1.3.1 Failure in self-initiated other-repair
• 2.1.3.2 Failure in other-initiated other-repair
• 2.2 Environment of Other-Repair
• 2.2.1 Other-repair after preemptive completion
• 2.2.2 Other-repair after understanding check
• 2.2.3 “X, Y, Y”format
• 2.2.4 Jokes as other-repair
• 2.3 Summary
• Chapter Three Formal and Functional Classification of Other-Repairs in CTVTS
• 3.0 Introduction
• 3.1 A Formal Classification
• 3.1.1 Lexical other-repair
• 3.1.1.1 Using the synonym
• 3.1.1.2 Using the antonym
• 3.1.1.3 Using the specific term
• 3.1.1.4 Word guess filler
• 3.1.2 Syntactic other-repair
• 3.1.2.1 Rephrasing
• 3.1.2.2 Eliminating ambiguity
• 3.1.3 Discursive other-repair
• 3.1.3.1 Summarizing
• 3.1.3.2 Adding background information
• 3.2 A Functional Classification
• 3.2.1 Repair for speaking inaccuracy/error
• 3.2.2 Repair for lexical understanding
• 3.2.3 Repair for word search gap
• 3.2.4 Repair for redundancy
• 3.2.5 Repair for rhetoric effect
• 3.2.6 Repair for background unclearness
• 3.2.7 Repair for inappropriate collocation
• 3.2.8 Repair for listening problem
• 3.3 Summary
• Chapter Four Initiation Techniques, Placements and Repair Strategies
• 4.0 Introduction
• 4.1 Initiation Techniques
• 4.1.1 No explicit initiation markers
• 4.1.2 Sound stretch
• 4.1.3 Hesitation pause
• 4.1.4 Question format
• 4.1.5 Other word search markers
• 4.1.6 Characteristics of the initiation techniques
• 4.2 Initiation Positions
• 4.2.1 Same-turn self-initiation
• 4.2.2 Next turn repair initiation
• 4.2.3 Delayed NTRIs
• 4.2.4 Third turn position initiation
• 4.3 Repair Strategies
• 4.3.1 Completion
• 4.3.2 Modification
• 4.3.3 Explanation
• 4.3.4 Replacement
• 4.3.5 Addition
• 4.3.6 Rejection
• 4.4 Summary
• Chapter Five Characteristics of Other-Repair in CTVTS
• 5.0 Introduction
• 5.1 A Review of Two General Claims about Repair in Ordinary Conversation
• 5.1.1 The relevance of repair to syntax-for-conversation
• 5.1.2 A preference for self-initiated self-repair
• 5.2 Other-Repairs in CTVTS Characterized by Lexical Repairs and the Predominance of Other-Initiations
• 5.2.1 Semantic emphasis in lexical other-repair
• 5.2.2 The preponderance of other-initiated other-repair
• 5.2.3 Discussion
• 5.3 Turn Management of Other-Repair in CTVTS
• 5.3.1 Turn-related structural advantage of other-repair
• 5.3.2 Linked multiples of other-repair
• 5.4 Other-Repair Influenced by Its Semi-Institutional Features
• 5.4.1 Dual nature of the talk show and other-repair
• 5.4.2 Statistical support
• 5.5 Summary
• Chapter Six Conclusion
• 6.0 Summary of Major Findings
• 6.1 Practical Implications
• 6.2 Limitations of This Study
• 6.3 Suggestions for Future Research
• Appendix I
• Appendix II
• Bibliography