外国直接投资和国际援助的有效性分析 ——基于南亚经济的经验分析

外国直接投资和国际援助的有效性分析 ——基于南亚经济的经验分析

论文摘要

金融资本的国际流动主要有两种不同的形式:一种是以促进受援国发展为目的来自于单个国家政府和多国捐赠机构的官方发展援助;另一种是以追求商业利益为目的的外国私人投资。考虑到发展中国家的增长和发展以及收入的差异性,国际资本流动产生了三个方面的经济影响,它们已经逐渐成为不同的政策制定者和学者现有研究中具有争议性的主题。第一个方面是发展国家的经济增长在多大程度上归功于外国直接投资和外国援助;第二个方面是外国直接投资和外国援助在多大程度上联合作用于东道国的增长和发展;最后一个方面是哪些国内和外部因素决定了这些资本的流动。本文的经验研究集中于这三个方面,并选取了南亚的四个国家:孟加拉国、印度、巴基斯坦和斯里兰卡于1995年到2008年期间的数据,因为大多数南亚国家自上世纪90年代和21世纪初开始推行自由化政策;这些国家的外国直接投资获得了前所未有的增长,引起了发达国家和新兴经济体的高度关注,并伴随着大量的FDI流入该地区。在吸收外国援助方面,南亚国家具有悠久的历史,曾吸收了来自不同发达国家、组织和新兴经济体的外部援助。而且有趣的是,流入这些国家的外国援助的结构很有特点,它们不仅对这些国家的增长产生了积极影响,而且通过培育良好的投资环境促进了外国直接投资的进入。因此,本文研究了这些国家获得的外国直接投资和外国援助的决定因素、增长效应和二者的互补性。首先,本文使用了平衡时间序列面板数据和其它多种计量经济方法,如:扩展的矩量估计、固定和随机效应估计等,以期获得每个实证模型的结果。首先,选用了引力概念来考察FDI和外国援助的决定因素。结果表明,东道国和母国的距离和各国的特点对南亚国家的FDI流入起到了关键作用。东道国和母国经济的周期性因素似乎是影响FDI流入规模的一个重要因素。其它因素如贸易开放度、人力发展、人口和基础设施等也对促进FDI流入南亚国家有着显著影响。FDI流入与两国距离的负相关性也支持了距离暗含的成本与FDI活动相关的观点。关于外国援助的决定因素的研究结果表明,对于南亚国家的外国援助并不是在有条件的政策环境下进行的。进一步而言,外国援助受制于东道国的国民收入而产生了负效应。实证结果还表明尽管FDI对外国援助的规模效应很小,但它却与外国援助正相关。另外,外国援助也和这些国家的人力资本的发展正相关。南亚国家的FDI、外国援助和人力资本的发展之间的密切联系是值得被重点关注的。其次,本文研究了FDI和外国援助的增长效应及其周期性。纵观这些国家FDI的增长效应会发现,FDI对增长率的影响是平均的。FDI似乎与外国援助有着较高的显著相关水平,这是基于这样一个事实:在这些国家中,这两个变量是互补的。如果把注意力转向外国援助的增长效应及其周期性,第一,使用随机效应估计,检验了总体援助、发展援助和纯粹援助的增长效应。第二,对发展援助的检验可以进一步分为短期和长期影响援助的检验。研究得出的结论就是,援助的短期影响和长期影响都和增长正相关。短期影响援助的周期性会破坏增长,而长期影响援助的周期性对这些南亚国家的增长没有影响。长期影响援助对增长的促进作用大于短期影响援助。进一步而言,纯粹援助及其周期性对增长没有影响。最后,本文考察了FDI和外国援助的关系,特别是考察了二者在南亚国家中的互补性关系。首先,我把援助分为基础设施援助和非基础设施援助,结果我发现基础设施援助能有效地促进南亚国家的FDI流入,而非基础设施援助与FDI的关系则较弱。其次,进一步将基础设施援助分为社会性基础设施援助、经济性基础设施援助以及开发特定结构性效应的生产活动援助。我发现,社会性基础设施援助和生产活动援助在吸引FDI方面起到了至关重要的作用,而经济性基础设施援助对FDI有边际效应。在这三种援助中,社会性基础设施援助对促进FDI的流入具有较强的效应。最后,为了考察特定捐赠国的效应,选取了一些主要捐赠国:美国、英国、日本、荷兰和德国。我发现来自英国的援助对FDI有较显著的效应,而来自于美国、德国和荷兰有边际效应。来自于日本的援助对FDI流入没有促进作用。所有研究得出的结论就是,流入南亚国家的国际资本有效地促进了经济增长,并且它们发挥着互补作用。

论文目录

  • 摘要
  • Abstract
  • Abbreviations
  • List of Figures
  • List of Tables
  • 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Motivation of the study
  • 1.2 Objectives of the study
  • 1.3 Core findings and innovations of the study
  • 2 Review of Literature
  • 2.1 Identified determinants of foreign direct investment in the previous studies
  • 2.2 Identified determinants of foreign aid in the previous studies
  • 2.3 Debate over the growth effect of foreign aid
  • 2.4 Debate over the growth effect of foreign direct investment
  • 2.5 Arguments on the relationship between foreign aid and foreign direct investment
  • 3 Current Trends and the Structure of Foreign Aid and Foreign Direct Investment in South Asia
  • 3.1 Trend of foreign aid in South Asia
  • 3.2 The structure and fluctuations of foreign aid in South Asia
  • 3.3 Trend of foreign direct investment in South Asia
  • 3.4 The relationship between foreign aid and foreign direct investment in South Asia
  • 4 Theoretical Underpinnings
  • 4.1 Theoretical framework
  • 4.2 Importance of foreign aid
  • 4.3 The importance of foreign direct investment
  • 4.4 Pulling and pushing factors of capital flows-The gravity concept
  • 4.5 The role of FDI in economic growth:An argument with Cobb-Douglas production function
  • 4.6 Why do the developing nations require foreign resource?:The Savings-Investment Gap approach
  • 4.7 How can foreign aid affect growth?:A channel through savings
  • 4.8 Complementarity between foreign direct investment and foreign Aid-Revisiting a Solow model
  • 5 Assessing Pushing and Pulling Factors of Foreign Direct Investment and Foreign Aid
  • 5.1 Influence of determinants in capital flows
  • 5.2 Data and variable descriptions
  • 5.3 Gravity forces and the empirical models
  • 5.4 Methods of data analysis
  • 5.5 Empirical results and discussions
  • 6 Growth Effect of Foreign Direct Investment, Foreign Aid and Aid volatility
  • 6.1 Foreign direct investment as a vital factor inducing growth rate
  • 6.2 Foreign aid and its volatility as endogenous factors in deciding growth rate
  • 6.3 Data and variable construction
  • 6.4 The empirical models
  • 6.5 The Random Effects (RE) estimator in panel data analysis
  • 6.6 Empirical results and discussions
  • 7 Complementarity between Foreign Direct Investment and Foreign Aid: How Well Do They Work?
  • 7.1 Construction of variables and model specification
  • 7.2 Evidences on how can classifications of aid facilitate foreign direct investment
  • 7.3 How does South Asia differ from other Asian countries?
  • 8 Summary and Conclusions
  • 8.1 Policy implications, future hopes and challenges
  • 8.2 Limitations of the study
  • 8.3 Suggestions for Future Studies
  • Acknowledgement
  • References
  • Appendix 1:Publications
  • Appendix 2:Detail of donors of the South Asian countries
  • Appendix 3:Foreign aid and FDI in selected South Asian countries
  • Appendix 4:Aid from selected donors to the South Asian countries
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    外国直接投资和国际援助的有效性分析 ——基于南亚经济的经验分析
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