从认知的角度谈国俗词语的翻译

论文摘要

意义是一切翻译关注的重点。对意义的理解存在两种截然相反的取向:客观主义与主观主义。客观主义认为意义是静止的,可拆分的;主观主义则强调意义的不确定,甚至否定文本确定意义的存在。脱离人们认知的这两种极端意义观无助于翻译研究。认知语言学认为意义是概念化,与人们头脑里的经验或知识有关。翻译是认知过程,是语言、文化、认知的互动。因此从认知的角度对翻译进行研究能更清楚地认识翻译过程。文化因素的处理是翻译过程中的一个棘手问题,国俗词语的翻译往往给译者带来困难。因为国俗词语反映了一个国家独特的生态、物质、社会、观念或语言文化。翻译国俗词语,译者要面对词语空缺、语义冲突以及同一意象带有不同隐喻意义的问题。框架语义学和隐喻的认知理论为研究和解决这些问题提供了一个新的理论视角。框架是浑然一体的知识或概念空间,词语只是侧重部分,是激活认知框架的触发器或认知框架的支撑点。因此,翻译的任务实际上就是找到能够激活与源语相同或相似的认知框架的语言表达式。源语中的国俗词语在目的语中的所谓的对等语有时无法激活目的语读者头脑中的认知框架,反而可能产生框架与框架、框架里成分与成分之间的冲突。译者需要使框架某些成分显性化,来帮助目的语读者理解意义或者找到某种策略来创造和谐的翻译。大部分国俗词语具有隐喻的特点。翻译国俗词语不可回避隐喻这一话题。隐喻是源域与目的域之间的映射。这种映射基于经验,处于不同文化的人们经验不一样,因此隐喻往往呈现因文化而异的特征。分析国俗词语有无对应的映射有助于译者找到合适的翻译方法。

论文目录

• Abstract
• 摘要
• Introduction
• Chapter One Meaning,Cognition and Cultural Translation
• 1.1 Two Approaches to Translation Studies Based on Meaning Understanding
• 1.1.2 Objectivism
• 1.1.2 Subjectivism
• 1.2 Cognitive Meaning View Based on Experimentalism
• 1.2.1 Cognition
• 1.2.2 Cognitive Linguistics Based on Experientialism
• 1.2.3 View on Meaning in Cognitive Linguistics
• 1.2.3.1 Meaning Existing in a Frame
• 1.2.3.2 Metaphorical Meaning
• 1.2.3.3 Culture-bound Meaning
• 1.3 A Cognitive Approach to Cultural Translation
• 1.3.1 Relationship between Language and Culture
• 1.3.2 Cultural Translation
• 1.3.3 A Cognitive Approach to the Translation of Culturallyloaded Words
• 1.4 Summary
• Chapter Two Culturally-loaded Words and the Difficulties in Translating Them
• 2.1 Definition of Culturally-loaded Words
• 2.2 Sources of Culturally-loaded Words
• 2.2.1 Culturally-loaded Words from Ecological Culture
• 2.2.2 Culturally-loaded Words from Material Culture
• 2.2.3 Culturally-loaded Words from Social Culture
• 2.2.4 Culturally-loaded Words from Conceptual Culture
• 2.2.5 Culturally-loaded Words from Linguistic Culture
• 2.3 The Difficulties in the Translation of Culturally-loaded Words
• 2.3.1 Zero of Equivalent Word
• 2.3.2 Conflict of Word Meaning
• 2.3.3 The Same Image with Different Metaphorical Meanings
• 2.4 Summary
• Chapter Three Frame Semantics and the Translation of Culturallyloaded Word
• 3.1 Characteristics of Frame Semantics
• 3.2 Cultural Differences of the Frames Activated by Culturally-loaded Words
• 3.2.1 No Corresponding Frames Activated by So-called Equivalents
• 3.2.2 The Same Frame Containing Different Elements
• 3.2.3 The Same and Different Elements Existing in a Corresponding Frame
• 3.3 Translation Strategies Based on Frame Semantics
• 3.3.1 Explicating Some Elements in a Frame
• 3.3.2 Keeping the Same Profiled Element
• 3.3.3 Creating a Harmonious Translation
• 3.4.Summary
• Chapter Four Metaphor and the Translation of Culturally-loaded Words
• 4.1 The Conceptual Theory of Metaphor
• 4.1.1 A Conceptual Mapping between Two Domains
• 4.1.2 Metaphors Based on Experiences
• 4.2 An Analysis of Culturally-loaded Words with or without Corresponding Metaphorical Mappings
• 4.2.1 Culturally-loaded Words with Fully Corresponding Metaphorical Mappings
• 4.2.2 Culturally-loaded Words without Corresponding Metaphorical Mappings
• 4.3 Approaches to the Translation of Culturally-loaded Words with Metaphorical Meanings
• 4.3.1 Literal Translation
• 4.3.2 Literal Translation with Compensation
• 4.3.3 An Image-converting Translation Approach
• 4.4 Summary
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• 攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文
• Acknowledgements