中国英语学习者交互语境下结构启动效应研究

论文摘要

在语言处理过程中,人们倾向于重复使用之前遇到过的句法结构,此现象被称为结构启动。有观点认为结构启动具有学习的功能,是语言发展的重要认知机制。Kim McDonough(2006)首先在二语交互环境下研究结构启动。受到他的启发,本研究考察中国英语学习者二语产出中的结构启动现象,最终希望为二语发展的研究提供线索。然而不同于Kim McDonough的研究,本研究的受试拥有相同一语背景并处于相同二语发展阶段,同时其目的还在于找出影响二语产出中结构启动现象的因素。本研究包括四个实验,采用同盟者脚本技术,要求受试和研究者轮流完成描述图片和寻找图片的任务,启动结构为双宾与格和介宾与格结构,四个实验分别为介宾与格结构启动,双宾与格结构启动,启动句与目标句使用同一动词的双宾与格结构启动,以及不施加启动操作的对比实验。实验所采用动词来自三类与格动词,即给予类动词,创造类动词,和信息传递类动词。除此以外,每个实验中还加入了两个造词。实验表明(1)双宾结构启动效应明显而介宾结构启动效应不明显,此结果与在一些研究中发现的反向偏好模式相一致,这种模式表现为越是受偏好或越常用的结构,启动效应就越弱;(2)当目标句与启动句使用的是同一个动词,启动效应就会增强;(3)受试对结构的选用偏向性越强的词类启动效应越弱;(4)造词比真词更容易进行结构启动。对实验结果进行进一步讨论发现,结构启动会受到诸如外语学习者对某种结构使用的偏向性等因素的影响,因此在二语中比在一语中更难发生。其次,启动动词和目标动词相同能在很大程度上促进结构启动效应,然而由于有研究表明这种效应是短暂的,因此它不能对语言发展起到长远作用。再次,相比真词启动,造词启动的效应更为显著,联系结构启动所具有的内隐学习功能,此结果为理解二语习得中二语石化等现象提供了新视角。本研究建设性地提出了在实验中考察结构启动的影响因素,因而加深了人们对二语产出中结构启动现象的认识,同时本研究的结果也有助于人们从结构启动的角度出发认识二语习得中的一些重要议题如一语迁移和二语石化现象。

论文目录

ACKOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

摘要

CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE Introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Research Orientation

1.3 Research Rationale

1.4 Research Questions

1.5 Contents of the Remaining Chapters

CHAPTER TWO Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Structural Priming

2.2.1 The Definition of Structural Priming

2.2.2 Structural Priming as a Universal Phenomenon

2.3 The Mechanism of Structural Priming

2.3.1 The Lemma Stratum and the Residual Activation Model

2.3.2 The Implicit-learning Account

2.3.3 Empirical Evidence for the Two Opposing Views

2.3.4 The Multiplicity of Structural Priming

2.4 Structural Priming in the Interactive Situation

2.4.1 Structural Priming as Alignment

2.4.2 The Multiplicity of Structural Priming and Structural Priming as Alignment

2.4.3 A Technique for Exploring Structural Priming in the Interactive Situation

2.5 Structural Priming and Second Language Acquisition

2.6 Summary

CHAPTER THREE The Study

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Method

3.2.1 Participants

3.2.2 The Target Structures

3.2.3 The Organization of the Study

3.2.4 Materials

3.2.5 Design

3.3 Scoring

3.4 Data Analysis

3.4.1 Occurrence of Structural Priming

3.4.2 The Influence of Lexical Boost

3.4.3 Analyses Based on Verb Classes

3.5 Summary

CHAPTER FOUR Discussion

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The Significant DOD Prime vs. the Non-significant PD Prime

4.3 Lexical Boost

4.4 L2 Learner' Inclination to the PD Structure

4.5 Structural Priming Based on Verb Classes

4.6 The Significant Priming Effect for Nonce Verb Data

4.7 Summary

CHAPTER FIVE Conclusion

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Research Questions and Method Restated

5.3 The Major Findings and the Significance of the Study

5.4 Limitations and Further Recommendations

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A Prime Pictures and Prime Verbs in the PD Priming Experiment and the DOD Priming Experiment

APPENDIX B Prime Pictures and Prime Verbs in the Same Verb DOD Priming Experiment

APPENDIX C Target Pictures and Target Verbs

APPENDIX D Some of the Filler Pictures and Verbs

中国英语学习者交互语境下结构启动效应研究

论文摘要

论文目录

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