象似性的语用分析

论文摘要

象似性指的是语言结构和所表达的概念或经验结构之间的映照关系,在最近几十年里,它一直是认知研究中的一个热门话题。象似性研究着重强调语言符号的可释性和理据性,该理论是对索绪尔的语言符号任意性支配说的最大挑战,同时也是一个有力补充。对语言符号象似性的研究有利于人们对语言的本质以及人类自身的认知状态和特征作进一步的了解。本文尝试运用一些语用理论来分析语言象似性现象,希望在语言结构和概念结构之间建立一些相对应的联系。本研究在语用学的框架下,结合语用学中的礼貌原则、会话含义理论、间接言语行为理论以及关联理论,对象似性研究中被广泛接受的四个原则,即数量象似性、顺序象似性、标记象似性和距离象似性进行诠释。分析发现,对数量象似性、顺序象似性、标记象似性和距离象似性的语言选择主要是基于礼貌、间接表达、关联程度、会话含义的丰富性、思想和现实的距离、心理和事件认知顺序等等语用考虑。具体说来,数量象似性反映交际一方的语符量和礼貌程度、会话含义的丰富性以及与交际另一方的社会距离之间的象似关系。顺序象似性反映语言符号的顺序和与时间、空间、认知以及因果关系之间的象似关系。标记象似性部分映照语言符号的标记性与额外意义、处理努力、语境效果和关联程度的波动,以及间接言语行为之间的象似关系。距离象似性是选择使用远指或近指指示语与所体现的社会心理距离之间、以及语符距离和概念距离之间的关系的反映。

论文目录

• Acknowledgements
• Abstract
• 摘要
• Chapter 1 Introduction
• 1.1 The Definition of Iconicity
• 1.2 Arbitrariness or Iconicity: A Linguistic Controversy
• 1.2.1 The Early Period （Ancient Greece- the End of 19th Century）
• 1.2.2 Arbitrariness-dominant Period （1910s-1960s）
• 1.2.3 Iconicity-dominant Period （1960s-）
• 1.3 The Purpose of the Present Research
• 1.4 The Framework of the Present Thesis
• Chapter 2 Literature Review
• 2.1 Semiotic Approach to Iconicity
• 2.1.1 Saussure’s Theory
• 2.1.2 Humboldt’s Theory
• 2.1.3 Peirce’s Theory
• 2.2 Cognitive Approach to Iconicity
• 2.2.1 Phonetic Iconicity
• 2.2.2 Morphological Iconicity
• 2.2.3 Semantic Iconicity
• 2.2.4 Syntactic Iconicity
• Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework of the Present Research
• 3.1 Politeness Principle
• 3.2 Theories of Conversational Implicature
• 3.2.1 Grice’s Co-operative Principle
• 3.2.2 Horn’s Q- and R-principles
• 3.2.3 Levinson’s Q-, I- & M-principles
• 3.3 Speech Acts Theory
• 3.3.1 Austin’s Trichotomy of Speech Acts
• 3.3.2 Searle’s Distinction between Primary Illocutionary Act and Secondary Illocutionary Act
• 3.4 Relevance Theory
• Chapter 4 Pragmatic Analysis of Iconicity
• 4.1 Quantity Iconicity
• 4.1.1 Linguistic Quantity and the Degree of Politeness
• 4.1.2 Linguistic Quantity and the Richness of Conversational Implicature
• 4.1.3 Linguistic Quantity and Social Distance
• 4.2 Sequencing Iconicity
• 4.2.1 Temporal Sequence
• 4.2.2 Spatial Sequence
• 4.2.2.1 The Sequence from Up to Down
• 4.2.2.2 The Sequence from Big to Small
• 4.2.2.3 The Sequence from Near to Far
• 4.2.3 Cognitive Sequence
• 4.2.4 Cause-Effect Sequence
• 4.3 Markedness Iconicity
• 4.3.1 Markedness and Extra Conversational Implicature
• 4.3.2 Markedness and Fluctuations of Processing Effort, Contextual Effect and Degree of Relevance
• 4.3.3 Markedness and Indirectness of Speech Acts
• 4.4 Distance Iconicity
• 4.4.1 Choice of Distal or Proximal Deixis and Social-Psychological Distance
• 4.4.2 Code Distance and Conceptual Distance
• Chapter 5 Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Publications