论文摘要
目的冠状动脉硬化性心脏病,简称冠心病(coronary heart disease)是当今世界的流行病,也是全世界范围内备受关注的公共卫生问题,据统计冠心病目前仍然居各种疾病死因的首位。目前冠心病分为五型即无症状性心肌缺血、心绞痛、心肌梗死、缺血性心肌病和原发性心脏骤停。临床实践表明上述分型标准已经不能满足临床需要。本研究旨在探讨三种特殊类型的冠心病(一种特殊类型的ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死和两种特殊类型的心绞痛:walk-through angina和Warm-up angina)的临床特征及发病机制,使人们对这三类少见的冠心病特殊临床类型有一较全面地了解。方法和结果1. Warm-up angina对心脏的保护及钾通道阻滞剂对此现象影响选择运动试验阳性和经冠脉造影证实的稳定型心绞痛病人作为研究对象。根据入选者是否合并糖尿病及其治疗方式分为三组:单纯稳定型心绞痛患者对照组(NDM组)25例;心绞痛合并糖尿病并服用格列本脲进入格列本脲组(DMG组)22例;心绞痛合并糖尿病仅以节食方式控制血糖进入节食组(DMD组)22例,共69例。所有入选病人均于运动当日分别进行连续两次踏车运动实验(EX1,EX2),且两次运动之间间隔15min。观察各组病人两次运动中运动时间(ED)、出现ST段压低0.1mv时间(T-STD)、极量运动时的ST段压低的最大值(STDmax)以及ST段压低0.1mv时的心率收缩压乘积(RPP值,亦称缺血阈值,mmHg/min×102)变化情况,并比较其组间各参数差异。结果如下:1.1 NDM组所观察的各指标在EX2较EX1相比均有明显改善,表现为缺血阈值明显提高(173.77±34.73 vs 199.23±37.07 mmHg/min×102,P<0.05);ED和T-STD明显延长(546.04±103.78 vs 617.52±106.96s , P<0.05 & 385.64±92.34 vs 426.84±91.25s,P <0.05);STDmax明显减轻(2.06±0.37 vs1.75±0.41mm,P<0.05)。1.2 DMG组除了T-STD在EX2与EX1相比有所延长(328.45±64.66 vs 363.00±81.48s,P<0.01)外,其余各指标的改善均不明显(P>0.05)。1.3 DMD组结果,所有参数在两次运动比较,EX2比EX 1均有明显改善即缺血阈值明显提高(181.58±40.34 vs 204.51±30.91 mmHg/min×102 ,P < 0.05);T-STD无明显延长(366.95±86.93 vs 404.27±101.61s,P>0.05);STDmax有所减轻(2.10±0.46 vs 1.79±0.38mm,P<0.05),但在总体运动时间上EX2较EX1增加不明显(P>0.05)2. walk-through angina的临床特征和发病机制的研究选择住院walk-through angina和稳定劳累型心绞痛各28例,分别称为WTA组和SAP组。汇总患者和临床医师对本病认知情况,同时观察两组患者冠心病危险因素、临床特征、心电图表现、心脏超声结果、CAG的结果、运动平板试验以及心脏变时性功能,进行对比分析,结果如下:2.1从对本病的认知情况来看,医患双方对本病的认知程度均较低,且在确诊本病之前至少误诊或漏诊一次以上,误诊和漏诊率达100%;2.2从临床表现来看WTA患者心绞痛发作特征与SAP显著不同,患者最初活动时心绞痛发作,但继续增加活动量心绞痛不但不加重,反而会逐渐减轻甚至消失;而SAP典型的临床表现为劳累时心绞痛发作,休息后心绞痛症状迅速缓解。2.3心脏超声结果:WTA组LVEF、LVFS较SAP组均显著降,P<0.01;两组E峰和A峰分别相比无显著差异,P值均>0.05。2.4 CAG结果:WTA组三支病变、闭塞病变、冠脉侧枝循环形成与SAP组相比P值均<0.01。2.5运动试验结果:WTA组与SAP组ST段压低持续时间分别是512.43±46.49秒和591.03±55.27秒,两组相比,P<0.01;ST段压低的导联数分别是3.01±0.51和6.10±0.76,两组相比,P<0.01;WTA组与SAP组患者的心脏变时性指数(CRI)分别是0.48±0.05和0.74±0.07,两组相比,P<0.01;运动中最大心率分别是124.32±6.89次/分和145.35±5.25次/分,P<0.01;极量运动代谢值分别是5.64±0.62 Mets和4.87±0.48 Mets,两组相比,P<0.01。2.6治疗选择:WTA组患者更多选择了血运重建,SAP组更多选择了保守治疗,两组相比,P值均<0.01。3.急性ST段抬高不宜溶栓心肌梗死的临床特征、发病机制及干预策略选择住院冠心病0MI为研究对象,发作不稳定型心绞痛或/和急性左心衰竭时原梗死区域所对应的心电图导联ST段急性抬高大于0.2mv且口含硝酸甘油胸痛或/和呼吸困难不缓解,症状持续超过30分钟患者为入选对象。再梗死病例除外,共29例患者符合入选条件,称为SAMI组。同时选择同期住院的首次ST段抬高未溶栓的AMI患者36例,称为AMI组。对两组患者进行常规的检查和治疗,将两组患者的发病机制、临床表现、心电图动态演变、心肌酶学变化、肌钙蛋白水平、心脏超声、冠脉造影特征和治疗的选择进行对比分析,结果如下: 3.1 SAMI组患者符合AMI的诊断标准。SAMI组患者多以急性左心衰竭症状为主而不稳定型心绞痛的症状相对较轻。心电图在同一梗死区域导联只出现ST段的演变而不出现T波的动态演变, Q波也没有明显加深和增宽。3.2在发病后6小时、12小时、24小时、48小时SAMI组CPK、CPK-MB以及TNI升高均较AMI组低,P值均<0.01。3.3心脏超声指标:SAMI组LVEF、LVFS、E峰和A峰与和AMI组相应指标相比均有显著降低,P值均<0.01。3.4冠脉造影结果:SAMI组三支病变、B型病变和C型病变以及侧支循环形成均较AMI组多,P值均<0.01。3.5血运重建的选择:SAMI组更多选择了冠脉搭桥,而AMI组更多选择了冠脉介入,P值均<0.01。结论:1.对稳定型心绞痛的患者来说,运动可以诱发Warm-up angina发生。在稳定型心绞痛合并糖尿病以节食方式控制血糖良好的病人身上仍然具有发生Warm-up angina的能力。2.钾通道阻滞剂实格列本脲能够阻断Warm-up angina发生,从而阻断这种心肌保护性现象。钾通道阻滞剂格列本脲在应用于冠心病合并糖尿病的人群时会阻断Warm-up angina的发生,消弱心脏对缺血的耐受性。3.钾通道参与了Warm-up angina的发生机制。鼓励慢性稳定型心绞痛人群进行适当的运动,增加Warm-up angina发生,强化这种现象对缺血心脏的保护作用。4. 0MI患者合并不稳定型心绞痛或/和急性左心衰竭时心电图在原梗死区域导联出现ST段抬高的临床意义是一种特殊类型ST段抬高AMI。发病机制是冠状动脉逆向血流中断即冠状动脉侧支循环减少和中断所致AMI。其临床特征以急性左心衰竭症状为主而心绞痛症状相对较轻。5.这种特殊类型的心肌梗死表现为心电图梗死区域抬高的ST段逐渐回落至等电位线不出现AMI典型的T波演变;病理Q波没有明显的加深和加宽。心肌酶的水平和肌钙蛋白I增高不显著。心脏超声显示心脏收缩功能和舒张功能均较差。CAG显示为多支病变和冠脉侧支循环形成。常规静脉溶栓治疗不适合于这种特殊类型的ST段抬高AMI。6.国人WTA临床特征为临床症状不典型且较轻,劳累时心绞痛发作,继续增加活动心绞痛不但不加重,反而逐渐减轻至消失。医患双方对本病认知程度均较低,在临床上容易导致对本病的漏诊和误诊。7.运动试验表明WTA患者心肌缺血明显,心脏变时功能不良;心脏超声显示WTA心功能较差;CAG特点为冠脉狭窄程度非常严重和弥漫且多为双支或三支病变,均有明显侧枝循环形成;冠脉良好的侧枝循环参与了WTA的发病机制,血运重建是WTA患者的合理治疗选择。
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标签:心力衰竭论文; 冠脉造影论文; 心肌梗死论文; 心绞痛论文; 侧支循环论文; 冠脉介入论文; 心脏搭桥论文; 格列本脲论文; 运动试验论文; 钾通道论文; 缺血预适应论文;