论文题目: 发展中国家建筑利用太阳能和风能技术的持续环境应用研究——以加纳为主要实例
论文类型: 博士论文
论文专业: 建筑技术科学
作者: 乔治
导师: 王季卿,宋德萱
关键词: 太阳能,高效能源建筑,石油的可持续性,生物环境绿色,建筑,太阳能电池,被动太阳能设计,可更新温室
文献来源: 同济大学
发表年度: 2005
论文摘要: 能源是人们生活发展的一项基本要求，可是在发展中国家还是有过半农村人口没有电用，也没有其他现代化的商业能源。 一些国家的人口增长，城市化进程，和工业化进程已经增加了对能源的需用量，而在过去的几十年中这些需用量大都是用石油煤碳来提供的，它们的燃烧不仅对环境有危害，影响人们的健康，还增加温室效应．，导致全球变暖。 根据最近关于全球变暖的项目，地球正在以比曾预想的速度快得多的速度变暖，科学界预料地球的平均表面气温将在未来的100年因为人类对石油的使用和对森林的砍伐而升高2.5到10.4华氏度，这一气温的升高加剧地球已经升高的一度的情况。 这篇文章的主旨在于给可持续性太阳能发展能源，利用下一个系统而科学的概念，并相信对这一能源的利用有利于对生物环境的塑造，并且对建筑也有积极影响，它还将试着就它的实施如何在加纳提高住房量，并为整体环境和人们提供更舒适和谐的环境给于一定关注。 这门学科有效解决了全球变暖的问题，并对环境无污染对人体无害，在加纳已经致力于太阳能的应用，并以此提高建筑产品品质，为人民提供和谐舒适的居住环境，此学科已初步应用在加纳，上海，北京，英国，美国，德国，澳大利亚等一些发达及发展中国家。 以下为关于太阳能和风能的一些发现在工程应用中，可将所有收集的包罗万象的太阳能源及风能源数据进行编译，包括直接数据，散播数据，全球数据还有纬度倾角以半径10公里的卫星数据．Mr．Out-Danquah说，加纳和全球太阳资源放射量都很高，以一般纬度倾角放射范围计算，可达到每天每米4.5～6.5千瓦相当于全球放射。如果将所有的太阳能技术都应用于全球辐射产生能量的话，就能提供全国各地全年所需的光电能和热水器用的能量。 关于每月平均风速，Mr．Out-Danquah解释到，在北部区域的PUTEsiet测量全年风速可达5m／s以上，而加纳阿克拉区域的Ada基地市的市区及郊区一年中八个月的风速就超过5m／s。在Lolonya的Ada-Battor路测得一年中的九个月的平均风速也大于5m／s。Mr．Out-Danquah还补充到，以上三个基地每天风速超过5m／s竟有10～16小时。 太阳能与风能资源估价的主要任务Mr．Otu-Danquah在工程中太阳能与风能资源估价有助于全方位评定可持续能量发展的潜力及建立可靠数据信息，并为能量规划师和工程建设方面提供所需的信息，如地域性的，全国的太阳能和风能分布图。它还能建立一个地理信息系统。 研究范围： 此次研究是综合考虑了以下特殊因素进行评定：大气控制主要作用，城市热量造成的日益加剧的温室效应和全球变暖问题，室内空气污染问题，太阳光电利用，风能技术，能量设计原理以及其在发展国家应用优势。 它有益于保护环境，从而解决上述提到的问题，包括降低温室效应，环境退化，自然损耗，减少二氧化碳散发等，另外，在加纳的医院及部分房屋和农村还可用太阳能屋顶汲取能量用于屋顶锅炉，而取代原来的木柴燃料。 政府，当地机关，能量及其他方面的专家都鼓励并努力尝试可行性研究的工作，赞助，技术问题，计划编制，环境估价及公众参与。 对于主要赞助商，政府支持的团体计划及主要的光电项目需要有计划进行并得团体项目或是个人的支持。 这套可持续能源系统的完成需要最佳综合政策支持，因此需要最大程度的公众教育参与及可持续能源系统广泛执行，另外在加纳帮助鼓励某些地方团体发展利用可持续能源也极为重要。另一方面，医院和住房也可结合太阳能屋顶做锅炉而代替木材燃料，每个人都能为促进加纳使用可持续能源出一份力。 员工的制造水平也是发展可持续能源的一个重要因素，另一个主要方面是它将会给相关团体带来丰厚的收入来源。 另外，光电技术的利用较其他能源利用对社会及环境更有优势 更多鼓励促进太阳能技术应用的建议将会在加纳进行论证及探究。 加纳的太阳能及风能市场有必要与当今国际上的研究发展相接轨，由于日后需求量的扩大，它将成为一个有竞争力的行业，金融家，厂商及供应商做个长期规划使价格下调。 政府还可以通过(ⅰ)增减税额，(ⅱ)奖励制度，(ⅲ)法律义务，(ⅳ)改变计划规则，(ⅴ)改变建筑及制造规范，(ⅶ)运输政策，(ⅵ)法定环境适应可持续能源的应用原理等适当的控制市场 政府可以赞助并与工业合作研究发觉市场潜力。等到政府操作应用成熟后，太阳能供电还可被利用在给医院，商务大厦及住房供电方面，将会非常有价值。 教育和可持续能源应用都应实现全民化参与，这种能源系统的发展使各部门共同合作并提供他们优先选择的机会：发展商业更需注重环境建设，且适合加纳发展各种地方团体的需求。 它有助于人们设计发展可持续能源，并使其满足地方要求，从而获利，还有助于人们工程中关于可持续能源的利用。 因此还需要建立国际互联网，用于促进加纳的太阳能系统发展，配合相关工作，另外还可在小学初中，工艺学校，大学等各式团体设立能量环境交流俱乐部，集思广益促进太阳能发展。 太阳能在新项目的应用将带来教育研究机会，当地就业机会以及前述环境上的优势，如减少温室效应，环境退化，自然资源浪费等。另外，这篇文章还将再次寻求那些在各方面经济上能接受这一在建筑设计建造时使用太阳能控制原理的建筑师，工程师，城市规划者和管理者 本文还努力提供各种新近实用的信息，关于促进建筑设计的能源高效利用，使之价格合理，健康无害，提供一个持久耐用的建筑物工作环境，以此来维持及提高我们亲爱的祖国加纳的人民生活环境。 另外，这篇文章还将再次寻求那些在各方面经济上能接受这一在建筑设计建造时使用太阳能控制原理的建筑师，工程师，城市规划者和管理者。它还尝试提出一些有关在建筑设计和使用上有效利用能源的新兴有用的资料，它们将大幅度提高可负担性，健康性和持久性，以此来维持或者提高我们亲爱的祖国加纳的人民生活环境。
论文目录:
Dedication
Abstract(English Version)
Abstract(Chinese Version)
Preface
Acknowledgement(English & Chinese)
致谢
About the Author
Historical Background of Development of Solar and Wind Energy.
Translated(English & Chinese Versions)Introduction & Problem Content:(Translated Chinese Versions)
CHAPTER:1
1.0.0 Introduction介绍
1.2.0 The problem content
1.2.1 Public Health and Household Energy
1.2.2 Burden of diseese
1.2.3 The problem of indoor air pollution
1.2.4 Health impacts
1.2.5 Objectives, Goal And Significance Of
1.2.6 Basic Meaning And Keys For Achieving Sustainability Case Study-From The United Kingdom
1.3.0 The State Of Sustainable Energy Demand in Ghana
1.3.1 The State Of Sustainable Energy Demand in China(China Medium And Long Term Energy Conservation Plan)
1.3.2 Enegry Utilization In China-The Current Situation
1.3.3 Energy Flowchart In United Kingdom(Reference).
1.4.0 Urban And Physical Systems Of Cities
1.4.1 Subaysteme Of The Physical Systems
1.4.2 The Three Perspectives On Energy.
1.4.3 A Socio-Cultural Perspective
1.4.4 Importance of Energy Conservation
CHAPTER:2
2.0.0 The Essential Role of the Atmospheric Control
2.1.0 Global Warming and its causes
2.2.0 Urban Heat Island Effects
2.2.1 Why Should Cities and Counties Care About Urban Heat Islands?
2.2.2 Global Warming:
2.2.3. Causes Of Urban Heat Islands
2.2.3.1 High Temperatures
2.2.3.2 Human Activity Increasing Heat Island Temperatures.
2.2.3.3 Effects of Wind And Clouds On Heat Island Formation.
2.2.3.4 Influences Of Geographical Location And Climate
2.2.3.5 Seasons change heat islands
2.2.3.6 Human activity increasing heat island temperatures
2.2.4 How do heat islands impact cities?
2.2.5 Impact Of Heat islands On human
2.3.0 Reference Case Study-United States
2.3.1 Problems with the "Heat Island Effect
2.3.1.1 Air Quality
2.3.4 Energy Use
2.3.5 High Temperatures
2.3.6 Effect Of Urban heat islands On Global Climate
2.4.0 Climate: The Green House Effect
2.4.1 What Are Greenhouse Gases?
2.4.2 Sources of Greenhouse Gases
2.4.4 Why are greenhouse gas concentrations increasing?
2.4.5 The Changing Climatic Details
2.4.6 Living with Uncertainty
2.5.0 Emissions
2.5.1 The '2030 Crunch'
2.5.2 Impacts Of Rising Global Temperatures
2.6.0 Energy For Rural Development In Africa
2.6.1 Current Reference Case Study: United Nations Project Finds Thousands Of Megawatts of Solar, Wind Energy Potential In 13 Developing Countries
2.6.2 The Importance Of Energy
2.6.3 Brown versus Green Energy Supply
2.6.4 Reasons for Energy Consumption
2.6.5 Control of Heating and Cooling Systems
2.6.6 Energy Distribution Energy
2.6.7 Hours of Operation
CHAPTER:3
3.0.0 What is Renewable (Green) Energy?
3.1.0 Renewable Energy
3.1.1 Ethical, scientific and technological considerations
3.1.2 Renewable Technologies
3.1.3 Renewables are not new
3.1.4 Why is Renewable Energy important
3.1.5 Renewing Sustainable Development
3.1.6 Environmental Benefits:
3.1.7 Energy for our Children's children
3.1.8 Benefits:Jobs and the Economy.
CHAPTER:4
4.0.0 Meaning Of Solar Architecture-Passive Cooling
4.1.0 The Basic Concept of Solar Energy
4.2.1 Summer Comfort In A Hot Dry Climate-Use Of Courtyard
4.3.0 What are Photovoltaics?
4.3.1 Photovoltaic cells and modules
4.3.2 Sizing a PV System
4.3.3 Cost of PV System:
4.3.4 Solar heating
4.3.5 Solar electricity
4.3.5.1 Photovoltaic cells history
4.3.5.2 Space Heating
4.3.5.3 Domestic Hot Water
4.3.6 Photovoltaic Cells History
4.3.7. Photovoltaics in Horthern Climates
4.3.8 Photovoitaics in Developing Countries
4.3.9 Energy for people living far from the grid
CHAPTER:5
5.0.0 CASE STUDY 1-CHINA
5.1.0 China's Position On Renewable Energy
5.1.1 China's Position On Renewable Energy (Chinese Translated Version)
5.2.0. Shanghai Ecologically-Safe Demonstrational Building Synopsis
5.2.1 Brief History Of Research On Application Of Solar Energy In Potential Cities In China.
5.2.2 Climates of Beijing and Shanghai
5.2.3 Comfort Zones and Building Bio-Climatic Charts
5.2.4 Acclimatization
5.2.5. Daytime ventilation
5.2.6 China's Goal of Sustainable Development in Energy
5.2.7 State-of-the-art technology for renewable energy in China
5.2.8 Helping Both The Economy And The Environment Of China
5.2.9 The Energy Dilemma And Sustainable Answers For China
5.3.0 Energy and Safety in China
5.3.1 Technical Opportunity
5.3.2 Role of the consumers
5.3.3 Suggested Policies to Drive Adoption of Sustainable Buildings
5.3.4 Passive and low energy cooling systems
5.3.5 Nocturnal Ventilation
5.3.6 Direct and Indirect Evaporative Cooling
5.4.0 Approach to Design
5.4.1 Design Strategies
5.4.2 Orientation
5.4.3 Ventilation
5.4.4 Insulation
5.4.5 Building Envelope
5.4.6 Heating Strategies
5.4.6.1 Solar collection
5.4.6.2 Heat storage
5.4.6.3 Heat conservation
5.4.6.4 Heat distribution
5.4.6.5 Great Wall Demonstration/Education Site
5.5.0 The Future Of China Sustainable Energy Development
CHAPTER:6
6.0.0 Case Study 2: Ghana (West Africa)
6.1.0 Ghana Government's National Environmental Action Plan.
6.1.1 Ghana's Future Vision for the year 2020 Projects
6.1.2 Geographical Position Of Ghana
6.1.3 Ghana Part Of Solar And Wind Energy Survey
6.2.0 State Of Housing Delivery In Ghana
6.2.1 Global Village Concept on Solar Energy in Ghana
6.2.3 The State Of Renewable Energy Usage In Ghana.
CHAPTER:7
7.0.0 The Authors Personal SuggesUons on the Applications Of Solar Photovoltaic Technology in Ghana.
7.1.0 Application to Commercial Buildings- Offices
7.1.1 Use Shopping Centres and Banks
7.1.2 Efficient use in Churches and other Social Gathering
7.1.3 Use in Communication Centres and Internet Cafe's.
7.1.4 Use in household, hospitals and Community Health Centres
7.1.5 Use for Powering Cold Stores and Street lighting
7.1.6 Use in Light Industrial Activities
7.2.0 Further suggesUons
7.2.1 Educational, Economic and Social Benefits
7.2.2 Environmental Benefits
7.2.3 Private Sector Participation
7.3.0 Policies to implement
7.3.1 Manpower Development and Funding
7.3.2 Removing Bureaucratic Obstacles and Public Involvement
7.4.0 Advantages to the Use of Solar Energy Technologies
7.5.0 Authors Personal Suggestions to encourage the increasing Use of Solar Energy Technologies
7.5.1 Governmental Bodies
7.5.2. By individuals
7.5.3. By Business and Industry
7.5.4 Low cost measures to adopt
7.5.5 Public Education and information Dissemination
7.6.0 Practical demonstration of Solar Power and its application For Three Communities in Ghana.
7.6.1 Disadvantages
7.7.0 Case Study 3: References From Other Ecological Cities in Germany, Australia, Britain, Canada, Japan, and Hong kong
CHAPTER:8
8.0.0 International Energy- Efficiency Standards
8.1.0 Building Energy Management
8.1.1 Sample of Lighting Power Budget-Building Interior Lighting
8.1.2 Energy Efficiency
8.1.3 Comparism of Effective Energy Flux Density Wind and Solar Energy
8.2.0 Passive solar energy (Heating and Cooling).
8.2.1 Passive solar heating
8.2.2 Design of Passive Solar Heated Buildings
8.2.2.1 General Recommendations for Design of Passive Solar Heated Buildings
8.2.3.2 Applications:
8.2.3 Design objectives for providing high and low rise housing for Shanghai which meets social, environmental and economic sustainability criteria.
8.2.3.1 Design Criteria
8.2.3.2 Temperature and Humidity
8.2.3.3 A Sample Design Of A Sustainable High.rise Building With Neighborhood Courtyards In Shanghai-Pudong.
8.2.3.4 Shanghai and Pudong (Brief Introduction)
8.2.3.5 Energy Strategy and Concept
8.2.3.6 DESIGN OBJECTIVES
8.2.3.7 Design Process
8.2.3.8 Simulation Results
8.2.3.9 Conclusion
8.2.4 Characteristics And Benefits Of Passive Solar Heating Design
8.2.5 Passive Solar Heating of skin-load dominated structures in temperate and cold climates
8.2.6. Alternative Heat Exchangers
8.2.7 Passive Solar Cooling
8.2.8 General Design Principles
8.2.9 Passive Design Considerations
8.3.0 Heat Loss Through Windows
8.3.1 Floor Plan And Building Form
8.3.2 Specific Climate Design Principles-Hot Humid (Tropical) Climates
8.3.3 Hot Arid Climates (Mild And Cold Winter)
8.3.4 Sub-Tropical Climates
8.3.5a. Natural Cooling Sources
8.3.5b. Air Movement
8.3.6 Cooling Breezes
8.3.7 Convective Air Movement
8.3.8 Use of Fans to supplement breezes during still air periods
8.3.9 Evaporative Cooling
8.4.0 Orientation
8.4.1 Collector Orientation
8.4.2 Principles Of Good Orientation
8.4.3 Deciding The Best Orientation
8.4.4 Choosing a Site
8.4.5 Orientation For Passive Cooling
8.5.0 Important Applications Of Passive Solar Design; an example in United States of America.
8.5.1 Solar Access and Area Calculations
8.5.2. Application of Passive Solar Building principles through Design
8.5.3 Sustainable Home Design
8.5.4 Glazing
8.5.5 Alternative Considerations for lowering Cost
8.5.6 Earth Coupling
8.5.7 Fixed Shading For Passive Solar Access
8.5.8 Adjustable Shading
8.6.0 Northern Elevations
8.6.1 Eastern & Westem Elevations
8.6.2 North-East & North-West Elevations
8.6.3 Hot Dry Clirnatic Design Guidelines
8.6.4 Cool Tempearte Climtaes Design Guidelines
8.6.5 Climates Specific Responses for Solar and Wind Energy combinations
8.7.0 Daylighting
8.7.1 How It Works
8.7.2 Advantages
8.7.3 Disadvantages
CHAPTER:9
9.0.0 Through The Application Of (The Energy-10) Design Software Principles
9.1.0. How it Works
9.1.1 Predesign
9.1.2 Preliminary Design
9.1.3 Keeping a Record
9.1.4 Perspective
9.1.5 Automated Tasks
9.1.6 Graphic Output
9.1.7 Key ENERGY-10 Features
9.1.8 Simulation Analysis
CHAPTER:10
10.0.0 By Means Of Installation Of Solar Equipments On Existing Buildings
10.1.1 Detail Description of Definitions And Installation Of Solar Panel
10.1.2 Step By Step Installation Of Solar P.V. Equipments
CHAPTER:11
11.0.0 Wind Energy-Introduction
11.1.0 What Is Wind?
11.1.1 Some Characteristics Of Natural Wind
11.1.2 Causes Of Wind
11.2.0 Wind Energy-Energy from Moving Air
11.2.1 Geography and Wind
11.2.2 Surface Roughness: How To Calculate Wind Speed
12.2.3 Trees and Buildings
12.2.4 Vegetative Indicators of Wind
CHAPTER:12
12.3.0 Measuring Wind
12.3.1 Who should take the measurements?
12.3.2 What should be measured?
12.3.3 What instruments should be used?
12.3.4 Where should measurements be taken?
12.3.5 For how long should measurements be taken?
12.3.6 Tips for Short Term Monitoring
12.3.7 How to Analyse Wind Data
12.4.0 Case Study in the United States
12.4.1 Case Study in Ghana. Ghana Wind Energy Project
12.4.2 Objectives
12.4.3 Major Case Study-The Energy Commission (EC) Of Ghana.
12.4.4 Identified Potential Areas for Wind Energy Production in Ghana
12.4.5 Purpose of the United Nation's Environment Project on Global Environment
12.4.6 Monthly Mean Wind Speed in Ghana
12.4.7 Main tasks of SWERA (Solar and Wind Energy Resources Assessment)
12.4.8 Achievements Under The SWERA Project
12.4.9 Wind power for your home
12.5.0 Brief Description Of A Wind Turbine
12.5.1 Types of Windmills
12.5.2 Wind Power Plants
12.5.3 Wind Resources
CHAPTER:13
13.0.0 Wind Production
13.1.0 Wind Energy Economics
13.1.1 Wind And the Environment
13.2.0 The Wind Environment Of Buildings
13.2.1. Effect Of Wind on buildings-
13.2.2 The Experimental research on Wind Tunnel load Of Xiamen Jiageng gymnasium building surface and screened wall
13.2.3 Introduction
13.2.4 Physical Description Of the Structure of the Gymnasium Model
13.2.5 Environmental Criteria established from the Wind Tunnel Project Results
13.2.6 Conclusions and brief details from the Wind Tunnel Experiment
13.2.7 The Beaufort Wind Scale
13.2.7a Beaufort Scale Table: Specifications and equivalent speeds for use on land.
13.2.8 Environmental Aspects
13.2.9 Noise
13.3.0 Television and Radio Interference
13.3.1 Birds Interference
13.3.2 Visual effects
13.3.3 Integration into supply networks
CHAPTER:14
14.0.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
14.1.0 Future Developments
14.1.1 COUNTRY NOTES
CHAPTER:15 MISCELLANEOUS:
15.0.0 Ventilation Design Study and ConcePtual Diagarm:
15.1.0 Summer-Day,夏季-日
15.1.1 Summer-Night,夏季-夜
15.11.2 Summer-Day,冬季-日
15.1.3 Winter-Night,冬季-夜
15.1.4 Garden Plan,花圈平面图
15.1.5 First Floor Plan,一楼平面图
15.1.6 Second Floor Plan,二楼平面图
15.1.7 Third Floor Plan,三楼平面图
15.1.8 Section BB’,BB'剖面图
15.1.9 Section CC',CC'剖面图
15.2.0 Roof Plan,天台平面图
15.2.1 Passive Ventilation in Winter,冬季被动式通风
CHAPTER:16
16.0.0 REFERENCES
16.1.0 List of Figures
16.1.1 List of Diagrams
16.1.2 List of Tables
16.1.3 List of Plates
16.1.4 List of Illustrations (Pictures)
发布时间: 2007-06-13
参考文献
- [1].可持续能源景观审美创作范式研究[D]. 张惠青.天津大学2014
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