顺应理论与礼貌生成

论文摘要

自从Grice提出“合作原则”以来,礼貌一直是语用学研究的中心之一。语用学者们从各个不同的角度对礼貌进行研究并提出了自己的理论。然而,由于视角的局限,这些研究只涉及到影响礼貌的部分因素,未能对礼貌做出全面的探讨,因此,所有这些研究都或多或少地存在缺陷。本文在前人对礼貌的研究成果上,试图用Jef Verschueren的顺应理论来分析言语交际中的礼貌,指出话语礼貌,而不是语言礼貌,才是语用学的研究对象。通过从语境顺应、结构顺应、动态顺应和意识程度的顺应这四个方面对语言使用中的礼貌现象的分析,笔者认为礼貌言语的生成过程是语言使用者在不同的意识程度下使结构客体中各个语言层次与语境完美地动态顺应的结果。与以往的研究相比,顺应理论在对礼貌的阐释中显示出强大的解释力和高度的概括性:顺应理论为解释言语交际中的礼貌现象提供了更加准确的视角;其丰富的语境内涵使礼貌现象的研究更具现实意义,合理地解释了为什么在交际中字面上礼貌的言语行为其实是不礼貌的,而字面上不礼貌的言语行为却能达到很好的礼貌效果;动态顺应的概念则不仅符合实际交际情况,在理论上也更充分的描述了礼貌言语的生成过程;意识程度的提出不仅很好的解释了为什么礼貌意识程度强能实现成功的交际,而礼貌的意识程度弱、甚至是毫无礼貌意识也一样能起到礼貌的效果、达到交际的目的。为此,顺应理论不仅很好地解释了日常生活中的语言现象,而且为人们的交际,无论是语内语交际还是语际语交际提供了很好的理论指导。了解礼貌的生成过程,有助于语言使用者在交际中使用合适的语言策略,以避免话语不礼貌、过于礼貌或不够礼貌,使交际顺利进行,实现交际的目的;在外语教学上,也能提高外语学习者的实际语言应用能力,减少和避免语用失误,最终促进我国外语教育事业的发展。

论文目录

• Acknowledgements
• Abstract
• 摘要
• Chapter One Introduction
• 1.1 The Significance of the Study
• 1.2 Objectives of the Thesis
• 1.3 Structure of the Thesis
• Chapter Two Literature Review of Politeness
• 2.1 The Conversational-maxim Perspective
• 2.1.1 Grice’s Cooperative Principle-----the origin of the conversational-maxim perspective
• 2.1.2 Lakoff’s View
• 2.1.3 Leech’s Politeness Principle
• 2.2 The Face-Saving Perspective--Brown & Levinson’s Face-saving Theory
• 2.3 A Cross-cultural Perspective
• 2.3.1 The Politeness Principle Revisited in China
• 2.3.1.1 Gu Yueguo’s Politeness Model
• 2.3.1.2 Mao’s Relative Face Orientation Construct
• 2.3.2 The Politeness Principle Reexamined in Other Cultures.
• Summary
• Chapter Three Theory of Adaptation
• 3.1 A New Perspective on Linguistic Pragmatics
• 3.2 Key notions of Adaptation
• 3.2.1 Making Linguistic Choices
• 3.2.2 Variability, Negotiability and Adaptability
• 3.2.3 Four Angles of Pragmatic Study
• 3.3 Adaptation Theory as a Theoretical Framework for Pragmatic Analysis
• Summary
• Chapter Four Studying Politeness in the Light of Adaptation Theory
• 4.1 The Definition of Politeness
• 4.2 Politeness and Contextual Correlates of Adaptation
• 4.2.1 Mental World
• 4.2.1.1 Emotion of Language User
• 4.2.1.2 Expectation of Language User
• 4.2.1.3 Values and Beliefs
• 4.2.2 Social World
• 4.2.2.1 Social Position
• 4.2.2.2 Social Relationship
• 4.2.2.3 Cultural Conventions
• 4.2.3 Physical World
• 4.3 Politeness and Structural Objects of Adaptability
• 4.4 Politeness and the Dynamics of Adaptability
• 4.5 Politeness and the Salience of Adaptability
• Summary
• Chapter Five Advantages of Studying Politeness Generation in the light of Adaptation Theory
• 5.1 Abundant contextual connotation
• 5.1.1 Linguistic Impoliteness and Utterance Politeness
• 5.1.2 Linguistic Politeness and Utterance Impoliteness
• 5.2 Dynamic Adaptation
• 5.3 Salience
• 5.3.1 Unconscious Politeness
• 5.3.2 Conscious Politeness
• Summary
• Chapter Six Conclusion
• 6.1 Summary of This Thesis
• 6.2 Implications of the Study
• 6.3 Limitations of this Thesis and Suggestions for Further Study
• Bibliography