论文摘要
对话语标记语的研究一直以其在句义和语义中的分析占主导,而话语标记语在文中所起到的语用调节和交际调节作用还需要进一步的重视和探讨。本研究试图从语用层面上讨论话语标记语在中英两种不同语言文本中的对话所能起到的弱化作用。Fraser(1980)首先提出了弱化这一论题,并揭示了其与礼貌原则的密切关系。Caffi(1999)进一步指出弱化现象有助于缓解交际双方在交际过程中可能带有的各种面子威胁的言语行为,比如自相矛盾,拒绝,丢脸,意见冲突等。在这些情况下,交际双方通过使用带有弱化语力的话语标记语,即弱化标记语,就能很好的在会话交际过程中调节人际关系以及情感距离。本文根据前人对话语标记语的语用分类所总结出的10类标记语以及Caffi对3种弱化机制的分析为基础,从《我爱我家》和《老友记》两部情景剧中分别选取了40集作为对比分析语料。然后运用定性和定量的分析方法,首先通过分析中英文对话中带有自我面子或他人面子保全的言语行为,整理出其中起到弱化作用的标记语。然后根据其在10种语用标记语框架下的分类找出,验证并比较其在两种语言中使用的整体及局部频率和分布特点。最后通过检测弱化标记语在Caffi三种弱化机制下表现出的功能特点,分析两种语言对弱化机制选择的偏向。研究发现整体上的差异表现在中文对话语料中对弱化标记语的使用明显少于其在英语对话中的使用;英语和中文对话中均大量使用话语填充语进行弱化,但两者在对话中出现的位置具有显著性差异;具有显著差异的还有英文中对推理标记语的弱化使用以避免模糊表达,以及中文中通过对换言标记语的弱化使用来委婉的给予意见。从微观角度来看,中英文中出现频度最高的弱化标记语分别是同属于话语填充语的you know和嘛;分布上的显著性差异表现在英文中出现频率最高的弱化标记语you know,Imean,I think通常出现在话段起始位置,而中文中出现频率最高的嘛,啊,吧等弱化标记语均出现在语段末。根据Caffi提出的三种弱化机制来分析,中英文在弱化标记语的功能使用上表现为英语中更倾向选择’bushes’(第一人称弱化标记语)和’hedges’(第二人称弱化标记语),而中文中更倾向于选择’shields’(非人称类弱化标记语)进行弱化。研究表明,对弱化标记语语用功能的掌握将有助于跨文化交际,特别是对英语中话语填充语的掌握。英语中对人称类弱化标记语的使用在交际过程中表现为,美国人通常明示自我和他人来对话语进行弱化,而中国人对处于语段末的标记语的频繁使用表明其倾向选择隐身自我来对话语进行弱化。因此在外语教学中对与话语填充语和人称类弱化标记语的讲授将弥补英语学习者在这一方面的知识空白并提高英语学习者的口语水平,防止语用失误导致的交际失败。
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