论文摘要
本研究的主要目的在于揭示中国英语专业学生词汇能力的发展路径与特点。基于前人的理论与实证研究,本文提出了二语词汇能力的概念框架,该框架包括四个维度:词汇量(产出性与接受性)、词汇深度知识(产出性与接受性)、词汇组织模式、词汇语义自主。本研究重点考察以上四个维度在大学英语专业学习阶段的发展模式以及发展过程中四者之间的相互关系。山东某大学一至四年级16个自然班的412名英语专业学生参加了本次调查。接受性词汇量采用Schmitt等人设计的词汇水平测试测量。本文使用词汇频率概貌分析软件RANGE和语料库分析软件WordSmith,考察学生限时作文中的词汇使用情况,揭示产出性词汇量的发展特点。词汇深度知识的测量采用Read开发的测试。词汇组织模式的发展使用自由词汇联想测试考察,试卷中的40个刺激词选自Kent-Rosanoff联想词表。词汇语义自主使用语义相关性判断测试测量。397名学生完成了全部测试项目,按照分层随机抽样方式,每个年级抽取50名学生作为本文的研究对象。通过分析从一至四年级200个研究对象中取得的数据,本研究得出以下主要结论:一、英语专业一至四年级学生的接受性词汇量呈现出线性发展的趋势,每个学年词汇量都有显著增长,平均每年增加1,200词族左右。与低年级学生相比,高年级学生接受性词汇量的组内差异较大。此外,低年级学生接受性词汇量的增长主要体现在高频词族的习得上,而高年级学生的词汇增长主要集中在低频词族上。这一结果从一定程度上揭示出词汇习得与词频的关系,即高频词族优先习得,然后学习低频词族。当然,这并不意味着学生把某个层次的高频词族全部学会后再学习低频词族,而是在一定程度上交叉进行,只是在某些词频层次上的增长达不到统计学上的显著意义。二、产出性词汇量的发展采用语料库研究方法分析学生作文中的词汇频率概貌与词汇丰富程度。研究结果表明:一、二年级与三、四年级在使用低频词族上有显著差异,高年级学生在作文中使用低频词族较多。而一年级与二年级、三年级与四年级并无显著差异。这意味着与接受性词汇量的发展相比,产出性词汇量发展较缓慢,要经历两年左右的时间才能达到显著增长(例如从大学一年级到三年级),而且容易出现“高原现象”。为了从更多层面分析学生产出性词汇的特点,我们运用Wordsmith考察了四组学生作文综合文本的标准型/次比与词长。三年级和四年级的标准型/次比明显高于一年级与二年级,这说明高年级学生的作文中词汇重复性小;而低年级的学生则有较多词汇重复现象。研究还发现二年级与四年级的标准型/次比并不分别高于一年级与三年级,这样的结果与使用RANGE分析的学生低频词族产出情况是一致的,即:一、二年级之间没有显著差异,三、四年级之间也没有差异。平均词长随着年级的升高有所提高,从7字母词开始,三、四年级使用长词的频数逐渐增加,超过了一、二年级。三、词汇深度知识的发展有别于接受性词汇量与产出性词汇量的发展,从一年级到三年级词汇深度知识逐年增长,而从三年级到四年级这种发展趋势渐渐消失。低年级学生词汇深度知识的组内差异较大,而随着年级的升高,组内差异逐渐缩小。可见,接受性词汇量、产出性词汇量与词汇深度知识发展路径和速度是不同的,词汇深度知识的发展在三、四年级之间出现了“僵化”现象与停滞趋势。研究还发现,词汇意义与搭配作为词汇深度知识的两个组成部分,其发展过程具有相关性。四、本研究采用自由词汇联想调查二语心理词汇组织模式的发展,总的发展趋势是高年级学生能产出更多的语义联想,说明其心理词汇的组织主要基于词汇的概念意义;而低年级学生的语音联想与无反应的比例超过高年级学生,说明语音在其心理词汇组织中还起着较大的作用。语言水平固然影响心理词汇的组织模式,词汇频率与词汇本身具有的语义与文化特征也对词汇组织模式产生一定的影响。低频词、抽象词与具有特定文化内涵的词容易引发学生的语音反应,同时词汇误认现象也经常发生。四个学习阶段的学生都产出了数量不等的与刺激词属于同一词族的反应词。与低年级学生相比,高年级学生能产出更多较为复杂、抽象的组合与聚合反应词。五、考察词汇能力各维度之间的关系也是本研究的重点,研究结果显示接受性词汇量、产出性词汇量、词汇深度知识与词汇组织模式在发展过程中具有显著正相关。据此我们认为在词汇能力的发展过程中,四者之间的发展相互联系、相互制约。换言之,某一维度能力突出,其他维度也会相应地发展。六、尽管从一年级到四年级接受性词汇量、产出性词汇量、词汇深度知识与词汇组织模式都有不同程度的发展,但四个年级研究对象的词汇语义并没有获得自主性,他们在提取二语词汇时还无一例外地受母语语义系统的干扰。这一结果揭示了二语词汇发展中克服母语语义系统的影响是一个漫长的过程,应采用适当的教学手段,结合质优量足的语言输入与数据驱动的学习方式,消除词汇习得过程中的语义僵化现象。本研究对词汇习得的理论建设与研究方法以及教学实践具有一定的启示意义。本文构建的二语词汇能力的概念框架可以指导词汇研究与教学,综合利用多种成熟的测试手段考察词汇能力的发展也为今后的研究提供了新的思路。在教学实践中,大纲设计人员、教材开发人员、教师与学生应该认识到词汇能力是个多维概念,词汇能力的发展是指多个维度的平衡发展。因此,要设计平衡的词汇课程,鼓励学生在语言产出中及时使用新学到的词汇,加深词汇深度知识,加速接受性词汇向产出性词汇转化的进程。采用显性的词汇教学与数据驱动的学习方式,帮助学生建立合理的心理词汇组织模式,克服母语语义系统的干扰,促进二语词汇能力的发展。总之,本研究是对中国英语专业学生词汇能力各维度发展的一次尝试性探索,无论是研究角度,还是研究方法,都有别于国内外的相关研究。作者希望本文的研究发现能在一定程度上揭示出我国英语专业学习者词汇能力发展的特点与规律,以便在教学中不断寻找适宜的方法,使课堂环境下英语词汇教学更具有系统性、目的性与实效性。
论文目录
AcknowledgementsAbstract摘要Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Research orientation1.2 Rationale1.3 Outline of the dissertationChapter 2 Literature Review2.1 Introduction2.2 A historical retrospect of L2 vocabulary teaching and research2.3 Conceptualization of lexical competence2.3.1 Word-centered definitions of lexical competence2.3.1.1 Narrow definitions of lexical competence2.3.1.2 Dimensional definitions of lexical competence2.3.1.3 Continuum-based definitions of lexical competence2.3.1.4 Representation-oriented definitions of lexical competence2.3.2 Lexicon-centered definitions of lexical competence2.3.2.1 Meara’s framework2.3.2.2 Chapelle’s framework2.3.2.3 Henriksen’s framework2.3.2.4 Qian’s framework2.3.2.5 Zhang and Wu’s framework2.3.2.6 Jiang’s framework2.3.3 Summary2.4 Theoretical and empirical explorations into lexical development2.4.1 Development of vocabulary size2.4.1.1 Terminological issues related to vocabulary size2.4.1.2 Measurement of receptive and productive vocabulary2.4.1.3 Empirical studies on L1 and L2 vocabulary size2.4.1.4 Summary and unsolved problems2.4.2 Development of depth of vocabulary knowledge2.4.2.1 Measurement of depth of vocabulary knowledge2.4.2.2 Empirical studies of depth of vocabulary knowledge2.4.2.3 Summary and unsolved problems2.4.3 Development of lexical organization2.4.3.1 Organization of mental lexicon2.4.3.2 Word association studies2.4.3.3 Summary and unsolved problems2.4.4 Development of lexical semantic autonomy2.4.4.1 The form-meaning mapping in L2 vocabulary acquisition2.4.4.2 Measurement of lexical semantic autonomy2.5 ConclusionChapter 3 Conceptual Framework and Research Design3.1 Introduction3.2 A tentative framework of L2 lexical competence3.3 Working definitions and measures for variables3.4 Nature of the research design3.5 ConclusionChapter 4 Developments of Vocabulary Size and Depth of Vocabulary Knowledge4.1 Introduction4.2 Research questions4.3 Research method4.3.1 Subjects4.3.2 Instruments4.3.2.1 Questionnaire4.3.2.2 Test of receptive vocabulary size4.3.2.3 Writing task eliciting productive vocabulary4.3.2.4 Test of depth of vocabulary knowledge4.3.3 Data collection procedures4.3.3.1 Pilot study4.3.3.2 Two phases of data collection4.3.4 Data Preparation4.3.4.1 Selecting subjects4.3.4.2 Marking the VLT4.3.4.3 Marking the DVKT4.3.4.4 Preparing indicators of productive vocabulary size4.3.5 Data analysis4.4 Results4.4.1 Development of receptive vocabulary size4.4.2 Development of productive vocabulary size4.4.2.1 Lexical frequency profile4.4.2.2 Lexical diversity4.4.3 Development of depth of vocabulary knowledge4.4.4 Relationships among RVS, PVS and DVK4.5 Discussion4.5.1 Receptive vocabulary size4.5.2 Productive vocabulary size4.5.3 Depth of vocabulary knowledge4.5.4 Relationships among RVS, PVS and DVK4.6 ConclusionChapter 5 Development of Lexical Organization5.1 Introduction5.2 Research hypotheses and research questions5.3 Research method5.3.1 Subjects5.3.2 Elicitation instrument5.3.3 Data collection procedures5.3.4 Data classification5.3.4.1 Existing classification systems5.3.4.2 Classification model in this study5.3.4.3 Scoring procedures5.3.5 Data analysis5.4 Results5.4.1 Overall development of lexical organization5.4.2 Developments in the five categories of associations5.4.2.1 No-response cases5.4.2.2 Clang-other associations5.4.2.3 Paradigmatic associations5.4.2.4 Syntagmatic associations5.4.2.5 Encyclopedic associations5.4.3 Effect of word frequency on response types5.4.4 Coincident responses between the subjects and the native speakers5.4.5 Relationships among RVS, PVS, DVK, and LO5.5 Discussion5.5.1 Overall development of lexicon organization5.5.2 Developmental features of the five categories of responses5.5.3 Word frequency and response types5.5.4 Coincident responses between L2 learners and native speakers5.5.5 Relationships among RVS, PVS, DVK and LO5.6 ConclusionChapter 6 Development of Lexical Semantic Autonomy6.1 Introduction6.2 Research question6.3 Research method6.3.1 Subjects6.3.2 Semantic-relatedness test6.3.3 Data collection procedure6.4 Results6.5 Discussion6.5.1 L1 mediation in L2 word processing6.5.2 Differences between L1 and L2 vocabulary acquisition6.5.3 Instructional techniques to overcome semantic fossilization6.6 ConclusionChapter 7 Findings, Implications and Recommendations7.1 Introduction7.2 Major findings7.3 Implications7.3.1 Theoretical implications7.3.2 Methodological implications7.3.3 Pedagogical implications7.3.3.1 Raising consciousness of lexical competence7.3.3.2 Accommodating learners’needs with a balanced lexical course7.3.3.3 Building up a web-like network of L2 mental lexicon7.3.3.4 Overcoming semantic fossilization in L2 vocabulary acquisition7.4 Limitations of the present research7.4.1 Limitation of conceptualization of lexical competence7.4.2 Limitation of population generalizability7.4.3 Limitation of methodology7.5 Directions for future research7.5.1 Macro-level studies7.5.2 Micro-level studies7.5.3 Suggestions for research methodologies7.6 ConclusionReferencesAppendices攻读博士期间发表的学术论文目录
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标签:词汇能力论文; 接受性词汇量论文; 产出性词汇量论文; 词汇深度知识论文; 词汇组织模式论文; 词汇语义自主论文;