本文主要研究内容
作者杨泽凡（2019）在《基于水流过程的河沼系统生态需水与调控措施研究》一文中研究指出：沼泽湿地是陆生系统和水生系统的过渡带,具有涵养水源、净化水体、调节气候和生物栖息等多重生态功能,是重要的“物种基因库”和“气候调节器”。但近50年来,由于长期的农垦开发和水资源侵占,上游来水持续不足,沼泽面积急剧萎缩,强烈干扰了沼泽生物的生境条件,尤其是珍稀候鸟的生存和迁徙。沼泽生态功能的持续退化,已经极大地影响了区域生态安全,沼泽生态需水保障逐渐成为研究热点。但现有研究大多将沼泽作为单独个体,强调满足其各生态要素的需(耗)水量,而忽略了河流对沼泽生态需水研究的内在影响,一定程度上削弱了生态需水的调控和保障效果。为了更加真实地反映河沼系统的生态需水要求,需要结合河流与沼泽的连通关系,根据其重点保护目标不同时期的适宜水文条件,分析河沼系统动态需水过程。本文在河沼系统生态需水内涵解析的基础上,结合扎龙湿地及乌裕尔河河沼系统生态环境现状,分析生态保护目标,进而开展典型鱼类洄游适宜水文条件实验,建立河沼系统生态-水文响应关系,并依托水动力学模拟,分析河沼系统关键物种适宜生境面积与流量、水位、流速等水文条件的定量关系,制定河沼系统生态需水过程,并根据现状满足程度提出相应的调控措施。开展得具体工作包括:(1)提出了基于水流过程的河沼系统生态需水研究思路及生态保护目标分别从水量和水流的角度解析生态需水内涵,依据河沼系统生态需水特征,提出了基于水流过程及生物适宜水文条件研究生态需水的思路,并结合扎龙湿地与乌裕尔河河沼系统的连通关系,分别从水域空间、河流生态流量、沼泽生态水位三个方面确定了河沼系统重点生态保护目标,包括丹顶鹤的筑巢繁殖适宜生境面积、典型鱼类洄游通道及适宜水文条件、芦苇生长期和鱼类越冬期水深需求等。(2)开展了典型鱼类洄游适宜水文条件实验针对河流生态敏感期的生态保护目标,围绕鱼类洄游过程及其所需水文条件开展实验研究,探求足以支撑鱼类洄游持续刺激的流速、水深阈值范围。选取乌裕尔河及扎龙湿地优势种鲫鱼、鲤鱼和草鱼开展实验,通过搭建鱼类洄游仿真河道,营造不同的水深及流速情景,观察不同情景方案下实验鱼群上溯情况,初步探索了水文要素变化对鱼类洄游过程的影响方式和影响程度;依据模糊逻辑分析理论,综合上溯成功率、5min上溯成功率、平均完成上溯时间、完成上溯后是否长时间停留或是否多次完成上溯等观测指标,定量判断各实验情景下鱼群的洄游适宜度,明晰典型鱼类洄游的适宜水文水动力条件及阈值范围,绘制了流速适宜度曲线,弥补了国内关于洄游刺激流速对比实验的不足。(3)构建了河沼系统生态水力学模型结合实验研究成果及统计资料,分别针对丹顶鹤生长期的水深需求、典型鱼类洄游期流速条件以及芦苇生长期和鱼类越冬的适宜水深范围,分析了河沼系统生态-水文响应关系。基于MIKE软件组开发了河流一维水动力学模型和沼泽湿地二维水动力学模型,分别模拟不同流量下河道流速分布,以及不同水位下沼泽湿地内部水深分布,模型统筹考虑了蒸发、下渗、芦苇蒸腾损失以及冰盖等的影响,针对河沼过渡带漫散问题,引入了入流系数进行参数率定,在扎龙湿地具备较好的精度。依据河流和沼泽湿地水动力模拟,构建河沼系统生态水力学模型,并分别确定关键物种不同生命阶段的栖息范围,以此定量评价了关键物种的生境适宜度,为进一步研究河沼系统生态需水过程奠定了基础。(4)制定河沼系统生态需水过程方案依据生态水力学模型和生境适宜度研究,分别计算不同时期的河流和沼泽生态需水,提出了包括河道生态基流、洄游期最小生态流量、产卵期脉冲流量及洪水脉冲过程的河流生态流量过程方案,以及包括丹顶鹤繁殖期生态水位、芦苇出芽期生态水位和鱼类越冬期生态水位的沼泽生态水位过程。基于鱼类洄游期适宜水文条件,利用河流水动力学模拟研究满足鱼类洄游流速刺激的适宜流量,得到乌裕尔河下游河段产卵期适宜生态流量为1 2m3/s,同时结合不同时期的鱼卵孵化需求,提出了产卵期各月份的流量脉冲过程;利用沼泽湿地生态水力学模型,分别计算丹顶鹤生长期、芦苇出芽期及鱼类越冬期不同水位下的生境适宜度,建立水位-适宜生境面积关系曲线,以此确定沼泽湿地生态水位过程。在此基础上,整体分析了河沼系统生态需水的现状满足情况,并进一步研究了河流生态流量满足情况下沼泽水位变化,为补水方案的制定提供标准和依据。(5)提出河沼系统生态需水调控措施结合河流生态需水和沼泽生态水位现状满足情况,针对达标率较低的时段,通过研究乌裕尔河水资源优化调配和现有生态补水方案,挖掘上游流域节水和配水潜力,分别从水利工程调度和中部引嫩工程补水,提出了相应的调配方案和补水优化方案,尽可能满足河沼系统生态需水要求。重点对中部引嫩工程现有补水方案提出了优化建议,分别从补水时机优化、补水位置调整和补水总量控制三个方面,提出了针对不同水平年、以及包括分期补水和集中补水的生态补水方案。
Abstract
zhao ze shi de shi liu sheng ji tong he shui sheng ji tong de guo du dai ,ju you han yang shui yuan 、jing hua shui ti 、diao jie qi hou he sheng wu qi xi deng duo chong sheng tai gong neng ,shi chong yao de “wu chong ji yin ku ”he “qi hou diao jie qi ”。dan jin 50nian lai ,you yu chang ji de nong ken kai fa he shui zi yuan qin zhan ,shang you lai shui chi xu bu zu ,zhao ze mian ji ji ju wei su ,jiang lie gan rao le zhao ze sheng wu de sheng jing tiao jian ,you ji shi zhen xi hou diao de sheng cun he qian xi 。zhao ze sheng tai gong neng de chi xu tui hua ,yi jing ji da de ying xiang le ou yu sheng tai an quan ,zhao ze sheng tai xu shui bao zhang zhu jian cheng wei yan jiu re dian 。dan xian you yan jiu da duo jiang zhao ze zuo wei chan du ge ti ,jiang diao man zu ji ge sheng tai yao su de xu (hao )shui liang ,er hu lve le he liu dui zhao ze sheng tai xu shui yan jiu de nei zai ying xiang ,yi ding cheng du shang xiao ruo le sheng tai xu shui de diao kong he bao zhang xiao guo 。wei le geng jia zhen shi de fan ying he zhao ji tong de sheng tai xu shui yao qiu ,xu yao jie ge he liu yu zhao ze de lian tong guan ji ,gen ju ji chong dian bao hu mu biao bu tong shi ji de kuo yi shui wen tiao jian ,fen xi he zhao ji tong dong tai xu shui guo cheng 。ben wen zai he zhao ji tong sheng tai xu shui nei han jie xi de ji chu shang ,jie ge za long shi de ji wu yu er he he zhao ji tong sheng tai huan jing xian zhuang ,fen xi sheng tai bao hu mu biao ,jin er kai zhan dian xing yu lei hui you kuo yi shui wen tiao jian shi yan ,jian li he zhao ji tong sheng tai -shui wen xiang ying guan ji ,bing yi tuo shui dong li xue mo ni ,fen xi he zhao ji tong guan jian wu chong kuo yi sheng jing mian ji yu liu liang 、shui wei 、liu su deng shui wen tiao jian de ding liang guan ji ,zhi ding he zhao ji tong sheng tai xu shui guo cheng ,bing gen ju xian zhuang man zu cheng du di chu xiang ying de diao kong cuo shi 。kai zhan de ju ti gong zuo bao gua :(1)di chu le ji yu shui liu guo cheng de he zhao ji tong sheng tai xu shui yan jiu sai lu ji sheng tai bao hu mu biao fen bie cong shui liang he shui liu de jiao du jie xi sheng tai xu shui nei han ,yi ju he zhao ji tong sheng tai xu shui te zheng ,di chu le ji yu shui liu guo cheng ji sheng wu kuo yi shui wen tiao jian yan jiu sheng tai xu shui de sai lu ,bing jie ge za long shi de yu wu yu er he he zhao ji tong de lian tong guan ji ,fen bie cong shui yu kong jian 、he liu sheng tai liu liang 、zhao ze sheng tai shui wei san ge fang mian que ding le he zhao ji tong chong dian sheng tai bao hu mu biao ,bao gua dan ding he de zhu chao fan shi kuo yi sheng jing mian ji 、dian xing yu lei hui you tong dao ji kuo yi shui wen tiao jian 、lu wei sheng chang ji he yu lei yue dong ji shui shen xu qiu deng 。(2)kai zhan le dian xing yu lei hui you kuo yi shui wen tiao jian shi yan zhen dui he liu sheng tai min gan ji de sheng tai bao hu mu biao ,wei rao yu lei hui you guo cheng ji ji suo xu shui wen tiao jian kai zhan shi yan yan jiu ,tan qiu zu yi zhi cheng yu lei hui you chi xu ci ji de liu su 、shui shen yu zhi fan wei 。shua qu wu yu er he ji za long shi de you shi chong ji yu 、li yu he cao yu kai zhan shi yan ,tong guo da jian yu lei hui you fang zhen he dao ,ying zao bu tong de shui shen ji liu su qing jing ,guan cha bu tong qing jing fang an xia shi yan yu qun shang su qing kuang ,chu bu tan suo le shui wen yao su bian hua dui yu lei hui you guo cheng de ying xiang fang shi he ying xiang cheng du ;yi ju mo hu luo ji fen xi li lun ,zeng ge shang su cheng gong lv 、5minshang su cheng gong lv 、ping jun wan cheng shang su shi jian 、wan cheng shang su hou shi fou chang shi jian ting liu huo shi fou duo ci wan cheng shang su deng guan ce zhi biao ,ding liang pan duan ge shi yan qing jing xia yu qun de hui you kuo yi du ,ming xi dian xing yu lei hui you de kuo yi shui wen shui dong li tiao jian ji yu zhi fan wei ,hui zhi le liu su kuo yi du qu xian ,mi bu le guo nei guan yu hui you ci ji liu su dui bi shi yan de bu zu 。(3)gou jian le he zhao ji tong sheng tai shui li xue mo xing jie ge shi yan yan jiu cheng guo ji tong ji zi liao ,fen bie zhen dui dan ding he sheng chang ji de shui shen xu qiu 、dian xing yu lei hui you ji liu su tiao jian yi ji lu wei sheng chang ji he yu lei yue dong de kuo yi shui shen fan wei ,fen xi le he zhao ji tong sheng tai -shui wen xiang ying guan ji 。ji yu MIKEruan jian zu kai fa le he liu yi wei shui dong li xue mo xing he zhao ze shi de er wei shui dong li xue mo xing ,fen bie mo ni bu tong liu liang xia he dao liu su fen bu ,yi ji bu tong shui wei xia zhao ze shi de nei bu shui shen fen bu ,mo xing tong chou kao lv le zheng fa 、xia shen 、lu wei zheng teng sun shi yi ji bing gai deng de ying xiang ,zhen dui he zhao guo du dai man san wen ti ,yin ru le ru liu ji shu jin hang can shu lv ding ,zai za long shi de ju bei jiao hao de jing du 。yi ju he liu he zhao ze shi de shui dong li mo ni ,gou jian he zhao ji tong sheng tai shui li xue mo xing ,bing fen bie que ding guan jian wu chong bu tong sheng ming jie duan de qi xi fan wei ,yi ci ding liang ping jia le guan jian wu chong de sheng jing kuo yi du ,wei jin yi bu yan jiu he zhao ji tong sheng tai xu shui guo cheng dian ding le ji chu 。(4)zhi ding he zhao ji tong sheng tai xu shui guo cheng fang an yi ju sheng tai shui li xue mo xing he sheng jing kuo yi du yan jiu ,fen bie ji suan bu tong shi ji de he liu he zhao ze sheng tai xu shui ,di chu le bao gua he dao sheng tai ji liu 、hui you ji zui xiao sheng tai liu liang 、chan luan ji mai chong liu liang ji hong shui mai chong guo cheng de he liu sheng tai liu liang guo cheng fang an ,yi ji bao gua dan ding he fan shi ji sheng tai shui wei 、lu wei chu ya ji sheng tai shui wei he yu lei yue dong ji sheng tai shui wei de zhao ze sheng tai shui wei guo cheng 。ji yu yu lei hui you ji kuo yi shui wen tiao jian ,li yong he liu shui dong li xue mo ni yan jiu man zu yu lei hui you liu su ci ji de kuo yi liu liang ,de dao wu yu er he xia you he duan chan luan ji kuo yi sheng tai liu liang wei 1 2m3/s,tong shi jie ge bu tong shi ji de yu luan fu hua xu qiu ,di chu le chan luan ji ge yue fen de liu liang mai chong guo cheng ;li yong zhao ze shi de sheng tai shui li xue mo xing ,fen bie ji suan dan ding he sheng chang ji 、lu wei chu ya ji ji yu lei yue dong ji bu tong shui wei xia de sheng jing kuo yi du ,jian li shui wei -kuo yi sheng jing mian ji guan ji qu xian ,yi ci que ding zhao ze shi de sheng tai shui wei guo cheng 。zai ci ji chu shang ,zheng ti fen xi le he zhao ji tong sheng tai xu shui de xian zhuang man zu qing kuang ,bing jin yi bu yan jiu le he liu sheng tai liu liang man zu qing kuang xia zhao ze shui wei bian hua ,wei bu shui fang an de zhi ding di gong biao zhun he yi ju 。(5)di chu he zhao ji tong sheng tai xu shui diao kong cuo shi jie ge he liu sheng tai xu shui he zhao ze sheng tai shui wei xian zhuang man zu qing kuang ,zhen dui da biao lv jiao di de shi duan ,tong guo yan jiu wu yu er he shui zi yuan you hua diao pei he xian you sheng tai bu shui fang an ,wa jue shang you liu yu jie shui he pei shui qian li ,fen bie cong shui li gong cheng diao du he zhong bu yin nen gong cheng bu shui ,di chu le xiang ying de diao pei fang an he bu shui you hua fang an ,jin ke neng man zu he zhao ji tong sheng tai xu shui yao qiu 。chong dian dui zhong bu yin nen gong cheng xian you bu shui fang an di chu le you hua jian yi ,fen bie cong bu shui shi ji you hua 、bu shui wei zhi diao zheng he bu shui zong liang kong zhi san ge fang mian ,di chu le zhen dui bu tong shui ping nian 、yi ji bao gua fen ji bu shui he ji zhong bu shui de sheng tai bu shui fang an 。
论文参考文献
论文详细介绍
论文作者分别是来自中国水利水电科学研究院的杨泽凡，发表于刊物中国水利水电科学研究院2019-08-05论文，是一篇关于适宜水文条件论文,鱼类洄游实验论文,生态水文响应关系论文,生态水力学模型论文,河沼系统生态需水过程论文,扎龙湿地论文,乌裕尔河论文,中国水利水电科学研究院2019-08-05论文的文章。本文可供学术参考使用，各位学者可以免费参考阅读下载，文章观点不代表本站观点，资料来自中国水利水电科学研究院2019-08-05论文网站，若本站收录的文献无意侵犯了您的著作版权，请联系我们删除。
标签：适宜水文条件论文; 鱼类洄游实验论文; 生态水文响应关系论文; 生态水力学模型论文; 河沼系统生态需水过程论文; 扎龙湿地论文; 乌裕尔河论文; 中国水利水电科学研究院2019-08-05论文;