加纳可持续经济适用住宅发展导则研究

论文摘要

可持续建筑是应对全球气候变化及降低能源消耗而提出的建筑产业策略。各类基于研究的设计建造方法和标准以及实践方案不断涌现，以满足这一必然趋势。为了能够达到控制目标，发达国家已将研究成果编制成相关标准及规范，而这些标准及规范已经广泛的应用并指导其建筑产业。例如LEED（美国），BREEAM（英国）和BEPAC（加拿大）等。日本、中国和澳大利亚等国也相继出台有关可持续建筑的规范和标准，并作为重要政策或指导性文件而推广。上述规范和标准的迅速普及推广尤其体现在单体建筑项目的评级应用上。然而，在欠缺发展的国家或地区并未出现这类现象，例如加纳。这类国家对能源利用的可持续性和成本效益等认识不足。因此，可持续建筑设计及技术在这类国家尤为重要。据统计，在加纳，建筑耗费国家40%左右的能源和30%的原材料，而产生的废物（固态和液态废物）总量就占据全部废物总量的35%。（数据来源：加纳建筑与道路研究院，2008）这使得建筑业成为可持续发展关注的重要领域。同时，持续增长的人口以及快速城市化进程对住宅产业，尤其是经济适用房建设有着巨大的影响。数据表示，加纳的人口以208%的速率增长，并预计至2015年将有50%的人口居住在城市中（世界银行发展指标，2008）。也正是因为这个原因，经济适用房成为政策制定者的关键议题。已有许多旨在设计和建造可持续建筑的策略被提出、采纳或已被实行。此趋势也必将引发相关基础工作的开展，这些基础工作为了对经济适用房进行标准化设计、操控以及适宜性选择。基于上述内容，本论文探寻一种适用于不同地域的现有标准的系统测评方法，同时提出一个针对现有实践背景的理论。这将因此编制相关导则，基于可持续理论对技术、建材、设备、系统以及规范的适用性将作出规定。

论文目录

• Abstract
• 中文摘要
• Chapter 1: Scope of Research
• 1.0 Introduction/background
• 1.1 Problem statement
• 1.2 Justification of study
• 1.3 Scope of study
• 1.4 Study objectives
• 1.5 Research question s
• 1.6 Research Methodology
• 1.7 Description of Research area
• 1.8 Thesis Structure:
• Chapter 2: Literature review and theoretical framework
• 2.0 Introduction:
• 2.1 Housing needs and demand for low -income households
• 2.2 Sustainable development:
• 2.2.1 Dimensions of Sustainable Development
• 2.2.2 What is to be sustained?
• 2.3 Sustainability in Practice
• 2.3.1 Environmental Sustainability
• 2.4 Housing and Environmenta l Issues in Developing Countries
• 2.5 preliminary conclusions on housing affordability
• 2.6 Case studies of housing programmes
• 2.7 Land and its impact on housing development
• Chapter 3: Research methodology
• 3.0 Introduction
• 3.1 Methodology
• 3.2 The Research Design
• 3.3 Data Collection
• 3.3.1 Literature/desk study
• 3.3.2 Fieldwork and selection of respondents
• 3.4 Selection of case study
• 3.4.1 Problems encountered
• 3.5 Operational definitions
• 3.5.1 Sustainable affordable housing:
• 3.5.2 Low income households:
• 3.5.3 Reliability and Validity
• 3.5.4 Variables and indicators
• 3.5.5 Variables
• 3.6 Analytical framework
• 3.7 Limitations of the Study
• Chapter 4: The Sustainable affordable housing context in Ghana
• 4.0 Introduction
• 4.1 Demographic and Economic context of housing in Ghana
• 4.3 Housing demand
• 4.4 Affordability Analysis
• 4.4.1 Housing unit cost breakdown in Ghana
• 4.4.2 Land cost
• 4.4.3 Finance cost
• 4.4.4. Infrastructure provision and cost
• 4.4.5 Materials cost and labor
• 4.4.6 Housing Affordability
• 4.4.7 Final Remarks
• 4.5 Incremental （Progressive） Building Process
• 4.6 Housing conditions and need outstrip strategies to redress them
• 4.7 Physical characteristics of housing
• 4.7.1 Overview of Government's affordable housing programmes since 1950
• 4.7.2 Procurement method
• 4.7.3 Design and layout
• 4.8 Overview of sustainable architecture in Ghana
• 4.8.1 Design and layout
• 4.8.2 Land acquisition, site and services
• 4.8.3 Materials and construction
• 4.8.4 Delivery system
• 4.9 Environmental Legislation in Ghana
• 4.10 Overview of sustainable architecture in Ghana
• Chapter 5: Building environmental assessment methods
• 5.0 Introduction
• 5.1 Historical Background
• 5.2 Methods of assessment
• 5.2.1 Eco-labeling
• 5.2.2 Life Cycle Assessment （LCA）
• 5.4 Case Studies
• 5.4.1 LEED-Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
• 5.4.2 BREEAM-Building Research Establishment's Environmental Assessment Methods
• 5.5 Strengths and Weaknesses of LEED and BREEAM
• 5.6 Relevance to the local context in Ghana
• Chapter 6: analysis and synthesis
• 6.1 Background to the Development of an Assessment Indicator Framework
• 6.2 Discussions and Evaluation
• 6.2.1 Socio-cultural sustainability （SCS）
• 6.2.2 Economic sustainability or Affordability （ECS）
• 6.2.3 Technological sustainability （TCS）
• 6.2.4 Environmental sustainability （ENVS）
• 6.3 Strategies for sustainable-affordable housing in Ghana
• 6.3.1 Policy measures for socio-cultural sustainability （PSCS）
• 6.3.2 Policy measures for economic sustainability or affordability （PES）
• 6.3.3 Policy measures for technological sustainability （PTS）
• 6.3.4 Policy measures for environmental sustainability （PEVS）
• Chapter 7: Conclusions and Recommendations
• 7.0 Introduction
• 7.1 Achievements of this research
• 7.1.2 The conceptual framework
• 7.1.3 The objectives hierarchy model （OHM1） for sustainable-affordable housing
• 7.1.4 Application of the conceptual framework in the evaluation of housing schemes in Ghana
• 7.2 Proposed Guidelines
• 7.3 proposed sustainable guidelines
• 7.4 Conclusions
• References
• 发表论文和参加科研情况说明
• Acknowledgements