美国语言政策及其对中国向国际推广汉语的启示

论文摘要

语言政策是组织、管理、操纵语言行为的主要机制,既可能是政府法律条文也可能是某地区长期以来形成的传统文化。语言传播政策指设法向人们或区域传播自己语言的政策。语言传播和推广对增强国家的综合国力具有重要意义。在本研究中,语言生态理论为语言传播和推广的研究提供了哲学基础,语言经济理论则为对语言推广的必要性提供了经济学基础。一方面,语言和文化多样性是人类社会的基本特征也是人类的共同遗产,每个国家都有责任保护并推广自己的语言。另一方面,一个国家的语言地位在国际社会上的提高将会给这个国家带来不可估量的利益除了带来巨大的经济利益以外,如文化将得到传播和发扬、“软实力”将持续增强等等。因此语言的传播和推广不仅是各国保护人类文明的共同责任,也是各国迎接经济全球化挑战的重要策略。本文将以分析和研究美国英语和美国政策的历史为基础,得出美国语言政策“维护英语中心地位,排挤其他语言”的特点,并提出美国的语言政策实质上是向国内和国外传播和推广美语的政策。从语言生态学的角度看,美国的语言政策损害了其他语言的发展,破坏了语言生态环境的平衡,甚至有些研究者认为美语的推广是美国文化霸权的一种形式,以方便美国向全世界扩张或改变殖民地结构。但是从语言经济学的角度,美语的传播给美国带来了巨大的经济收益。而且英语作为国际通用语,比起其他语言,英语的使用降低了国家之间交流的成本。每个国家的语言政策都是不完美的,但是美国语言政策作为比较成功的典范,其成功和失败的经验对我国汉语的推广都具有非常重要的启示作用。中国向“向世界推广汉语”已有较长的历史,但有组织、有系统地向国外传播汉语起始于新中国成立。所以汉语国际推广还有很漫长的路要走,我们需要不断地探索适合中国国情和世界形势的汉语推广政策。

论文目录

• Acknowledgments
• Abstract
• 摘要
• Chapter One Introduction
• Chapter Two Literature Review
• 2.1 A General Review on Language Policy Research
• 2.1.1 Language Policy, Language Planning and Language Legislation
• 2.1.2 Language Spread Policy
• 2.2 Research on Language Policy of U.S. throughout the World
• 2.2.1 Sociolinguistic-orientated U.S. Language Policy Research
• 2.2.2 Sociopolitical-orientated U.S. Language Policy Research
• 2.2.3 The Research of the U.S. Language Policy in China
• 2.2.4 The Limitations of U.S. Language Policy Research
• Chapter Three Theoretical Rationale and Research Design
• 3.1 The Theoretical Foundation of Language Spread
• 3.1.1 Ecolinguistics
• 3.1.1.1 Language Spread and Promotion: From the Perspective of Linguistic Diversity
• 3.1.1.2 Language Spread and Promotion: From the Perspective of Linguistic Human Right
• 3.1.2 Economics of Language Theory
• 3.2 Research Design
• 3.2.1 Data Collection
• 3.2.2 Research Methods
• Chapter Four American Overseas English Language Policy
• 4.1 American English Background—the Past and Present
• 4.1.1 The Origin of American English
• 4.1.2 The Rise and Growth of American English
• 4.2 American Language Policy in the Past and Present
• 4.2.1 Language Policy during the Colonial Time
• 4.2.2 Language Policy during the Federal Period
• 4.2.3 Language Policy of 20th Century
• 4.2.4 Language Policy of Nowadays
• Chapter Five Findings and Enlightenment on the International Promotion of Chinese
• 5.1 Supports of American English Spread Policy
• 5.1.1 Economic Support
• 5.1.2 Technological Support
• 5.1.3 Cultural Support
• 5.1.4 Educational Support
• 5.2 The Effects of English Spread
• 5.3 The U.S. Language Policy’s Enlightenment on the International Promotion of Chinese
• Chapter Six The Exploration of International Promotion Policy of Chinese
• 6.1 Analysis on the Demand of International Promotion of Chinese
• 6.1.1 The demand from the Development of both China and the World
• 6.1.2 The Demand from International Society
• 6.2 Suggestions on International Promotion of Chinese
• 6.2.1 Appealing to Chinese People to Care about and Love Chinese
• 6.2.2 Making English Learning Serve International Promotion of Chinese
• Chapter Seven Conclusion
• 7.1 Major Findings of This Study
• 7.2 Limitations of This Study and Expectations for Further Research
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• APPENDIXES