语言差异、功能等值与翻译策略 ——以《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中译本为例

论文摘要

本文从语言差异和功能等值的角度来探讨翻译问题。英汉两种语言属于完全不同的语族,它们之间在语音、形态、句法结构等方面都存在巨大差异。而且,分别使用英语、汉语的两个民族在生活习性、文化传统、宗教信仰等诸多方面也存在诸多差异,这些差异在语言中同样有所反映。这些都是翻译研究者无法回避且需要认真考虑的问题。在实际的翻译工作中,很多的翻译理论被应用于处理语言间的差异,以获得最大限度的达意。中国有着几千年的历史。有文献记载的翻译活动,早在周朝时期就开始了。从那时起直至当代,中国的翻译家进行了诸多的翻译活动,尤其是文字翻译活动。从他们的翻译实践中总结出了很多的经验,大都散见于各译本的序中。他们提出了各种翻译理论和翻译策略,从不同的侧面切入语言差异和等值问题:有的涉及音、形、义,有的涉及字、句、章。对于文本对等这一问题,更根据中国文化特有的内涵,提出了译出原文的“神韵”。所有这些理论都是中华民族的文化瑰宝,有形而完整的体系至今只是小部分地发掘出来,还有待后人进一步地发掘、创新。在西方,等值翻译理论是二十世纪六十至七十年代的主流翻译理论。语言学的诸多学科为等值理论的发展提供了动力。奈达提出了系统的等值理论,这在翻译界十分闻名。早期的该理论认为,翻译时可采用形式等值和动态等值两种方法来处理语言差异。形式等值采取比较近似的方式来翻译源语文本,两种文本在形和意上都是近乎对等的,尽管译语文本有时会带有一些异域风格。这主要应用于源语言与译入语在诸多方面差别不大的场合。动态等值在处理语言差异很大时起关键作用。按照这一理论,翻译时处理语言差异应考虑诸多因素,并非简单的形上的对,因为这时文化的因素也要考虑进去。动态等值理论注重意上的对等,使得源语文本与译语文本在各自读者心中产生相同的语用效果。后来,奈达用功能对等代替动态对等。科勒则进一步将等值理论向前推进了一步,他提出了文本等值的四个属性:外延性、内涵性、文本规范性和实用性。本文选用斯托夫人的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》为对象。从拼写差异、语法差异、及句长差异三个方面切入探讨。斯托夫人在其小说中采用了多种手段来刻画人物形象。小说中的诸多人物形象,有着不同的种族、宗教信仰、文化层次。正是这些原因,同操英语的诸多人物其语言也是有着巨大差别的。黑人文化程度低,不仅仅语音不标准,而且语法错误随处可见。黑人中文化层次不同的人,其语言也有差异。这些差异在译语语言中的再现值得探讨。另外,英汉两种语言在句长上也存在巨大差别。本文一并作了探讨。本文共分5章。第一章为前言,介绍本研究的背景、目的、方法及在语言差异的翻译上前人做的研究。第二章从词形差异的角度分析语言差异及对应的翻译策略。第三章从语法差异入手探讨语言差异及翻译策略。第四章从句长入手探讨语言差异及翻译策略。第五章为结尾章节,总结本研究取得的成果。

论文目录

• 摘要
• Abstract
• 1.Introduction
• 1.1 Literature Review
• 1.1.1 Chinese Translators' Theories & Practices on Equivalence
• 1.1.1.1 The First Upsurge
• 1.1.1.2 The Second Upsurge
• 1.1.1.3 The Third Upsurge
• 1.1.1.4 The Fourth Upsurge
• 1.1.2 Western Theorists' Views on Equivalence
• 1.1.3 Summary
• 1.2 A Case Study:Uncle Tom's Cabin
• 1.2.1 Gist of the Novel and Its Author
• 1.2.2 Previous Studies on the Novel
• 1.2.3 General Statistics:Facts and Figures
• 1.2.3.1 Motivation
• 1.2.3.2 Method
• 1.2.3.3 Make-up of Data
• 2.Differences in Choice of Words and Translation Strategies Employed
• 2.1 English and Its Phonetic Features
• 2.1.1 History of English Language
• 2.1.2 Phonetic Features of English
• 2.1.3 Written Forms of English
• 2.2 Features of Chinese Writing System
• 2.2.1 History of Chinese Language
• 2.2.2 Phonetic Features of Chinese Characters
• 2.2.3 Written Forms of Chinese Characters
• 2.3 Strategies Dealing with the Differences
• 2.3.1 Classification of Diction Tactics in the Novel
• 2.3.1.1 Using Phonetic Measures
• 2.3.1.2 Using Archaic Words
• 2.3.1.3 Using Regional Dialects
• 2.3.2 Function of Diction Tactics
• 2.3.3 Translation Processes of the Words
• 2.3.3.1 Intralingual Translation of the Source Language Words
• 2.3.3.2 Interlingual Translation of the Words
• 2.3.3.3 Intralingual Translation of the Target Language Words
• 2.3.3.4 Translation Processes of Wang's Chinese Version
• 2.3.4 Actual Translation Strategies Dealing with the Differences
• 2.3.4.1 Translation Strategies Dealing with Phonetic Measures
• 2.3.4.2 Translation Strategies Dealing with the Archaic Words
• 2.3.4.3 Translation Strategies Dealing with Regional Dialects
• 2.4 Functional Equivalence of the Translation
• 2.5 Summary
• 3.Differences in Grammaticai Aspects and Translation Strategies Employed
• 3.1 English Grammatical Features
• 3.1.1 Features of English Predicate
• 3.1.2 Features of English Pronouns
• 3.1.3 English Negations
• 3.2 Chinese Grammatical Features
• 3.2.1 Unchanged Word Forms
• 3.2.2 Proper Diction to Express Certain Categories
• 3.2.3 Chinese Negations
• 3.3 Strategies Dealing with the Differences
• 3.3.1 Use of Grammatical Tools and Their Function
• 3.3.2 Translation Process of the Ungrammatical Sentences
• 3.3.2.1 Intralingual Translation of the Ungrammatical Sentences
• 3.3.2.2 Interlingual Translation of the Grammatical Sentences
• 3.3.2.3 Intralingual Translation of the Grammatical Sentences
• 3.3.3 Actual Translation Strategies Dealing with the Differences
• 3.3.3.1 Translation Strategies Dealing with the Disagreement
• 3.3.3.2 Translation Strategies Dealing with Ungrammatical Negation
• 3.4 Functional Equivalence of the Translation
• 3.5 Summary
• 4.Differences in Sentence Length and Translation Strategies Employed
• 4.1 Differences in Sentence Length and Total Sentence Numbers
• 4.1.1 Stylistic Effects of Sentence Length
• 4.1.2 Sentence Length and Total Sentence Number of English Version
• 4.1.3 Sentence Length and Total Sentence Number of Chinese Version
• 4.1.4 Contrast of the Differences
• 4.2 Factors Affecting Sentence Length
• 4.2.1 Phonological Factors
• 4.2.1.1 Translation of People's Names
• 4.2.1.2 Formation of English Syllables
• 4.2.1.3 Formation of Chinese Syllables
• 4.2.1.4 Translation Process of English Names to Chinese
• 4.2.1.5 Influence of the Transliteration on Sentence Length
• 4.2.2 Lexical Factors
• 4.2.2.1 English Adverbs and Their Syntactical Functions
• 4.2.2.2 Makeup of-ly Adverbs
• 4.2.2.3 Equivalences of English-ly Adverbs in Chinese
• 4.2.2.4 Influences of Lexical and Syntactical Factors on Sentence Length
• 4.2.3 Sentence Focus
• 4.2.3.1 Focus of English Sentences
• 4.2.3.2 Focus of Chinese Sentences
• 4.2.3.3 Differences in Predicate Form between English & Chinese Languages
• 4.2.3.4 Influences of Syntactical Focus on Sentence Length
• 4.2.4 Syntactical Structures and Stylistic Factor
• 4.2.4.1 Function of Punctuation Marks
• 4.2.4.2 Stylistic Effects of Sentence Length
• 4.2.4.3 Differences in Syntactical Structure Shown in Sentence Length
• 4.2.4.4 Translation Strategies Employed in Sentence Length
• 4.3 Functional Equivalence of the Translation
• 4.4 Translation Strategies of the Differences
• 4.5 Summary
• 5.Condusions
• 5.1 Relation between Language Differences,Equivalence & Translation Strategies
• 5.2 Functional Equivalence,a Product of Equilibrium
• Acknowledgements
• Bibliography
• Attachments
• Publication While Registered with the MA Program