汉语戏剧文本对白中的会话含义探析

论文摘要

会话是人们日常交际的主要方式。不论在英语还是在汉语中,会话所表达的意义都可分为两种:说话人说出单词和句子所表达的字面意义和说话人通过语言所含蓄地表达的意义。会话所传递的内容可分为两大范畴:直截了当说出的内容和含蓄隐晦地表达的内容。美国语言哲学家Grice将这种言外之意叫做“会话含义”。人们的日常会话常常带有弦外之音,这种言外之意不是一般语义理论能够解释的,需要做语用的分析。Grice提出了合作原则,并且建立了数量、质量、关系和方式准则为基础的会话隐含意义的产生或者推导机制。合作原则及其准则虽然采用了祈使句的形式,它们却是对人们实际行为的描述而不是规范,这些原则和准则在人们的潜意识里由来已久。虽然合作原则能够有效地解释话语的字面意义和隐含意义之间的关系,但不能解释人们为什么要违反合作原则以间接、含蓄的方式表达思想,进行交流。为了弥补这一不足,Leech提出了礼貌原则,并将礼貌原则分为得体、慷慨、赞誉、谦逊、一致、同情六条准则。Leech认为礼貌比合作具有更高一层的调节作用,它维护了交际双方的平等地位和友好关系。没有礼貌这个大前提,正常的交际就不可能顺利进行。为了维护礼貌原则,人们有时会牺牲合作原则。合作原则和礼貌原则是语用学涉及的重要原则。将两个原则结合起来,协调运作,能够保证人们言语交际和谐、流畅。本文从曹禺和老舍两位剧作家的经典作品中选取人物对话,结合合作原则和礼貌原则,分析这两种语用原则是如何作用于汉语戏剧对白中会话含义的推导过程的。通过以上理论论述与语料分析,本文旨在阐明以下观点:会话含义是言语交际的普遍现象,在人们的日常交往中起着重要作用。将合作原则与礼貌原则相结合,是分析汉语文学作品尤其是戏剧中会话含义的有效途径。

论文目录

• 摘要
• Abstract
• Chapter One Introduction
• 1.1 What is an Implicature?
• 1.2 Purpose of the Study
• 1.3 Outline of the Thesis
• Chapter Two CP and Conversational Implicature
• 2.1 Grice's Theory of Conversational Implicature
• 2.1.1 Definition of Conversational Implicature
• 2.1.2 Distinctions within Conversational Implicature
• 2.1.2.1 Standard and Non-standard Conversational Implicature
• 2.1.2.2 Generalized and Particularized Conversational Implicature
• 2.2 Cooperative Principle
• 2.3 Flouting of the Maxims
• 2.3.1 Flouting of the Quantity Maxim
• 2.3.2 Interpersonal Rhetoric
• 2.3.2.1 Irony
• 2.3.2.2 Metaphor
• 2.3.2.3 Hyperbole and Meiosis
• 2.3.3 Irrelevance
• 2.3.4 Flouting of the Manner Maxim
• 2.3.4.1 Obscurity
• 2.3.4.2 Ambiguity
• 2.3.4.3 Disordered Forms of Expressions
• 2.3.4.4 Prolixity
• Chapter Three PP and Conversational Implicature
• 3.1 A Description of the Study on Politeness
• 3.2 Politeness as a Pragmatic Strategy
• 3.2.1 Be Clear, Be Polite
• 3.2.2 Face-management Politeness Strategies
• 3.2.3 Politenteness Principle
• 3.3 Relationship between CP and PP——Complimenting and Cooperating
• Chapter Four Analysis of Implicatures of CP and PP in Chinese Drama Text
• 4.1 Conversation Analysis in Chinese Drama Text
• 4.2 Implicatures from the Perspective of CP
• 4.2.1 Quantity Implicatures
• 4.2.1.1 Examples in which the First Sub-maxim of Quantity is Flouted
• 4.2.1.2 Examples in which the Second Sub-maxim of Quantity is Flouted
• 4.2.2 Quality Implicatures
• 4.2.2.1 Examples in which the First Sub-maxim of Quality is Flouted
• 4.2.2.2 Examples in which the Second Sub-maxim of Quality is Flouted
• 4.2.3 Relation Implicatures
• 4.2.4 Manner Implicatures
• 4.2.4.1 Examples of Obscurity and Ambiguity
• 4.2.4.2 Examples of Prolixity
• 4.3 Implicatures from the Perspective of PP
• 4.3.1 Implicatures Observing the Tact Maxim
• 4.3.2 Implicatures Observing the Generosity Maxim
• 4.3.3 Implicatures Observing the Approbation Maxim
• 4.3.4 Implicatures Observing the Modesty Maxim
• 4.3.5 Implicatures Observing the Agreement Maxim
• 4.3.6 Implicatures Observing the Sympathy Maxim
• Chapter Five Conclusion
• 5.1 Summary
• 5.2 Limitations and Suggestions for Further Study
• Acknowledgements
• Main Work Achievement of the Author during Working on Master Paper
• Bibliography